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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 

BULLETIN 62 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 

OE DELA WARES, AND OF THE EASTERN 

INDIANS IN GENERAL 



BY 



ALES HRDLICKA 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1916 



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LETTER or TRANSMITTAL 



Washington, D. C, Novemher 10, 1915. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a report by Dr. Ales 
Hrdhrka on "Ph^^sical Anthropohigy of the Lenape or Dehiwares, 
and of the Eastern Inchans in Genc^ral," and to reeommend its pub- 
hcation as a bulletin of th(^ Bureau of American Ethnology. 
Very respectfully, 

F. W. IIODGE, 

Ethnologist-in- Charge. 
Hon. C'HARLEs D. Walcott, 

Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. 

3 



COJ^TE^TS 



I. SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE MUNSEE 

Page 

Introduction 11 

Condition of the collection 15 

General ]5 

Age and sex ] 5 

Artificial deformation 10 

Patliology 10 

The crania ]9 

General observations: Differences in type 19 

Chief descriptive features 20 

Measurements 20 

Form of the vault 20 

Size of the skull 22 

Relation of size of skull to stature 23 

Size and shape of the face 25 

Orbits. Nose 27 

Prognathism 28 

Palate 30 

Foramen magnum ■ 31 

Lower jaw -. 32 

Detailed observations on the crania 32 

The vault: Forehead 32 

Sagittal region 33 

Temporo-par ietal region 33 

Occiput 34 

Sutures: Serration 34 

Occlusion of sutures 35 

Wormian bones 35 

Bregma and Inca bones 30 

Parietal foramina 30 

Retromastoid foramina 37 

Mastoids 37 

Supraorbital ridges 38 

Nasion depression 39 

Nasal bridge 39 

Nasal bones 40 

Nasal aperture 40 

Nasal spine 40 

Orbits 41 

Suborbital fossa; 41 

Malar bones. Zygomae 42 

Upper alveolar arch 42 

Lower jaw 43 

Palate 43 

5 



6 CONTEISTTS 

The crania — Continued. 

Detailed observations on the crania— Continued. Page 

Base of the skull 43 

Glenoid fosste 43 

Floor of the auditory meatus 44 

Styloid processes 44 

Middle lacerated foramina. Posterior lacerated foramina 45 

Depressions of the petrous portions 46 

Pterygo-basal foramina 46 

Posterior condylic foramina 47 

Miscellaneous anomalies 47 

The teeth 48 

Dentition 48 

Loss and decay 48 

Wear 48 

Size, quality, shovel-shaped incisors 48 

Anomalies 49 

Cuspids 49 

Summary of measurements and observations on the crania 50 

The bones 52 

Humerus 52 

General observations 52 

Detailed ol)servations 55 

Shape of the shaft 55 

Perforation of the septum 55 

Supracondyloid process 56 

Radius 56 

Ulna 57 

Femur 58 

General observations 58 

Measurements 58 

Humero-femoral index 61 

The shaft 61 

Platymery 63 

Special characteristics of the femora 65 

Linea aspera 1 66 

Shape of the shaft 66 

Third trochanter 66 

Tibia 67 

Fibida 70 

Clavicle 71 

Sternum 72 

Scapula 73 

General features 73 

Descriptive features 75 

Type of body 75 

Superior border 76 

Scapular notch 78 

Ribs 79 

Spine 80 

Sacrum 81 

General observations and measurements 81 

Segments 82 

Curvature 82 



CONTENTS. 7 

The bones — Continued. Page 

Ossa innominata and pelvis 83 

The ossa innominata 83 

The pelvis as a whole 85 

Short and other bones 87 

Patella 87 

Bones of the hand 90 

Bones of the feet 91 

First metatarsal 91 

Os calcis 93 

Articular facets for astragalus 95 

Astragalus 96 

Scaphoid 99 

Cuboid 102 

Internal cuneiform 104 

External and middle cuneiform 106 

Summary of measurements and ol>servations on parts of the Munsee skele- 
ton other than the skull 106 

II. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA IN GENERAL 

General observations 110 

Cranial index 114 

Height of skull 116 

Size of skull 117 

Facial measurements 119 

Height of the face 119 

Breadth of the face 119 

Orbits ' 120 

Nasal index 121 

Palate 122 

Prognathism 122 

APPENDIX 

Iroquois an<l most nearly related Eastern Indian crania 127 



ILLUSTRATIONS 

Page 
Plate 1. Anthropological map of the Indian population of eastern TTnited 

States and Canada according to present knowledge 11 

2. General view of the locality of the Munsee cemetery at Minisink, 

New Jersey 15 

3. Plan of the Munsee bmial site showing location and position of the 

burials 17 

4. Two typical Munsee burials in raoderat ely contracted position 18 

5. Two burials in extended position 20 

6. Male Munsee skull No. 285,303, U.S.N.M. (front view) 22 

7. Male Munsee skull No. 285,303, U.S.N.M. (side view) 25 

8. Male Munsee skull No. 285,303, U.S.N.M. (view from above), show- 

ing typical features 26 

9. Male skull No. 99-6669, A. M. N. H., from Manhattan Island (front 

view) 28 

10. Male skull No. 99-6669, A.M.N.H., from Manhattan Island (side 

view) 31 

11. Male skull No. 99-6669, A.M.N.H., from Manhattan Island (view 

from above) , showing long ovoid outline 32 

12. Male Munsee skull No. 285,308, U.S.N.M. (fi'ont view) 34 

13. Male Munsee skull No. 285,308, U.S.N.M. (side view) 37 

14. Male Munsee skull No. 285,308, U.S.N.M. (view from above) 38 

15. Undeformed typical female Munsee skull No. 285,309, U.S.N.M. 

(view from above) 40 

16. Male Munsee skull No. 285,306, U.S.N.M., showing fine ovoid out- 

line 40 

17. Large male skull No. 2010-4423, A. M. N. H., from Manhattan 

Island, .'■•howing fine elliptical outline 40 

18. Adult male skull from Manhattan Island, No. 99-6667, A. M. N. H., 

showing an exceptionally high and narrow face 42 

19. Brachycephalic extraneous female skull. No. 285,311, U.S.N.M. 

(view from above), found with the Munsee Indians 44 

20. Skull of Munsee child of about six years of age. No. 285,329, 

U.S.N .M., showing fron to-occipital compression '45 

21. Base of female skull No. 285,311, U.S.N.M. (brachycephalic ex- 

traneous), found among the Munsee burials, showing excessive 

size of the foramina ovale, especially on the right side 48 

22. Lower jaw of female Munsee skull No. 285,307, U.S.N.M., showing 

complete fusion of the right lower lateral incisor and canine 49 

23. Supracondyloid process in a femur, and a spmious supracondyloid 

foramen in a humerus of the Munsee 54 

24. Fusion of humerus and ulna; male Munsee skeleton No. 285,303, 

U.S.N.M 58 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Plate 25. a. The seventh cervical veitebra of female Munsee skeleton No. 
285,311, U.S.X.M., with a cendcal rib. 
b. Scapula of female Munsee skeleton No. 285,328, U.S.N.M., 
showinsi; semilunar shape of the superior border 76 

26. a. Male Munsee sacrum showing bilateral articulation with an extra 

segment introduced between the last lumbar and the sacrum. 
b. Female Munsee sacrum showing bilateral articulation with extra 
segment 81 

27. Female Munsee sacrum showing unilateral articulation with the 

fifth lumbar 82 

28. a. Patella of female Munsee skeleton No. 285,311, U.S.N.M., show- 

ing marked ol)]iquity. 

b. Patellae of female Munsee skeleton No. 285,309, U.S. N.M., show- 
ing pronounced vastus notch. 

c. Internal cuneifoima of male Munsee skeleton No. 285,301, 
U.S.N.M., showing each a double metatarsal facet. 

d. Pair of female Munsee scaphoids showing unusual broad talus 
facet and peculiar tuberosity 90 

29. a. The right and left first metatarsal of Munsee skeleton No. 285,326, 

U.S.N.M., shoudng di.'-proportion in size; also a canal in the 
smaller bone, possibly the vestige of an early fracture. 
b. The calcanei of male Munsee skeleton No. 285,313, U.S.N.M., 
showing wide separation of the two fac-ets for the astragalus 96 

Figure 1. Map showing the location of the Munsee cemetery 12 



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BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE I 



ANTHROPOLOGICAL MAP 

OF THE 

INDIAN POPULATION OF 

EASTERN UNITED STATES 

AND CANADA 



ACCORDING TO PRESENT KNOWLEDGE 

BY ALES HRDLICKA 

1915 

THE ALGONQUIAN-IROQUOIS 
DOLICHOCEPHALIC TYPE 

THE EASTERN AND 
SOUTHERN BRACHYCEPHALS 

ft HoenG CaBjIiiBiore 




PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 
OR DELA WARES, AND OF THE EAST- 
ERN INDIANS IN GENERAL 

I. SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE MUNSEE 
Introduction 

IN 1902, in piirsuaiicfi of a study of the antiquity of certain skeletal 
remains found in the vicinity of Trenton, New Jersey, the 
^\^•iter collected and described all the crania of the Lenape or 
Delaware Indians which at that time were preserved in our museums.* 
From that time until 1914 no further anthropological discoveries of 
consequence were made in the region over which the tribe once 
extended; but during the spring of the latter year careful archeo- 
logical exploration was conducted in the upper Delaware River 
valley in behalf of the Museum of the American Indian in New York, 
by Mr. George G. Heye, with the assistance of Mr, George H. Pepper, 
in the course of which were found the remains of no fewer than 57 
Indian skeletons.^ The bones were not in the best state of preser- 
vation, but they were collected with scrupulous care, and shortly 
after the field work was completed they were presented by Mr. Heye 
to the United States National Museum. This skek^tal material forms 
an important addition to the previously limited collections n^pre- 
senting the Liuuipe Imhans. whos(^ ])hysical identity it is highly de- 
sirable to establish. 

The remains came from a cemet(U'v in the form of a low mound on 
the New Jersey side of the Delaware River, opposite Minisink Island, 
3 miles below Montague, in the northwestern corner of Sussex County, 
New Jersey. The accompanying map (fig. 1 ) shows the site of the 
cemetery, which lay in the heart of the region once occupied by the 
Munsee branch of the Lenape Indians. 

' Hrdlidka, The Crania of Trenton, New Jersey, and their Bearing upon the Antiquity of Man in that 
Region, Bull. A mcr. Muneum of Natural History, xvi, art. 311, New York, 1902, pp. 2:3-ti2, 22 pi., 4 fig. 

"- For details and archeological results, see (Jeorge C. Heye and George H. Pepper, E.xploralion of a Mun- 
see Cemetery near Montague, New Jersey, Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian (Heye 
Foundation), ii, pt. 1, New York, 191.'). The Heye Expedition reports some additional burials, but the 
skeletal remains therefrom were in a very defective condition. 

11 



12 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 




Fig. 1.— Map showing the location of the Munsee cemetery. 



HUDLifKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLO(;Y OF THE I.ENAPE 13 

On (ho arrival of white settlers, the entire region afterward known 
as New Jersey b(>longod to the Lenape or Delawares/ whose sottlct- 
ments extended "from the Mohicannituck [Hudson River] to beyond 
the Potomac," and "from the heads of the great rivers 'Susque- 
hannah' and 'Delaware' to the Atlantic Ocean" (Hecke welder). 
The neighboring tribes to the north (Mohegan, Narraganset, Pequot, 
and others), as well as those on the south (Nanticoke, the Powhatan 
confederacy, and others), all acknowledged relationship with the 
Delawares, with whom, there is no doubt, they were affiliated lin- 
guistically. 

The Lenape were divided into three large groups, or, as Brinton 
calls them, "sub-tribes," namely, the Munsee or Minsi (the Wolf), 
the Unami (the Turtle), and the Unalachtigo (the Turke}^).^ These 
subtribes, it seems, were subdivided into numerous smaller groups 
with distinctive names.^ The thi'ee branches of the tribe occupied 
special regions, but it has not been reported whether their boundaries 
were stable and definite. The Minsi, according to Heckewelder,* 

' Captain John Smifh's Works, 1608-1631, Arber ed., Birmingham, ISS-i; William Penn's Letters, 1683; 
(J. Tlaomas, History of New Jersey, London, 1698; Thomas Campaniiis Holm, Short Description of New 
Sweden, Stockholm, 1702, transl. by Dnponceau in Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, ra, 
Phila., 1834; T. Acrelius, Historj' of New Sweden, Stockholm, 1759, transl. in Memoirs of the Historical 
Society of Pennsylvania, XI, IS'A; Samuel Sniitii, History of the Colony of Nova Cesarea or Neir Jersey, Hm- 
lington, 1765; Peter Kalm, Travels into North America, Loudon, 1770-71; G. H. Loskiel, History of the 
Missionofthe United Brethren among the Indians in North America, London, 1794; Geo. Chalmers, Political 
Annalsof the Present United Colonies, etc., 1780, New York Historical Society Collections, ISGS; John G. E. 
Heckewelder, History, Maimers and Customs of the Indian Nations who once Inhabited Pennsylvania 
and the Neighboring States, Phila., 1819, Mem. Hist. Soc. Penn., xii, 1876; also MSS.; James Grahame, 
History of the Rise and Progress of the United States of North America, I>ondon, 1827 (new ed.. 1836, 1845); 
Thos. F. Gordon, History of New Jersey, Trenton, 1834; J. Curt's i']a,y. Annals rjf the Swedes on the Detaware, 
Phila., 1835; Yates and Moulton, New York, N. Y., 1824; Isaac Mickle, Reminiscences of Old Gloucester, 
Phila., 1845, Camden, 1877; A. Gilford, Aborigines of New Jersey, Proc. N. J. Hist. Soc, rv, Newark, 18,59, 
pp. 163-198; D. G. Brinton, The Lenape and their Legends, Phila., 1885; Handbook of American Indians, 
Bull. 30, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, 1907-1910. 

' These designations are not translations of the terms given in parentheses, but "refer to the location of 
these sub-tribes on the Delaware River," Minsi (kom mint,hin,io be scattered, and achsin, stone), meaning 
"people of the stony country" or "mountaineers"; Unami (from nahen, down-stream) means "people 
down the river"; and Unalachtigo (from wunalawat, to go towards, and t'kow ort'kou, wave) means "people 
who live near the ocean." Wolf, Turtle, and Turkey are the totemic designations of the three sub-tribes. 
(Brinton, op. cit., p. 34.) 

3 From the above tribes, in coiirse of time, sprang many others "who, having for their own conveniency, 
chosen distant spots to settle on, and increasing in numbers, gave themselves names or received them from 
others." (Heckewelder, Hist. Indian Nations, p. 53; see also ibid., p. 51.) 

* Heckewelder, Hist. Ind. Nations, p. .52. Brinton (op. cit. , p. 37) is of the opinion, but on what groimds 
is not stated, that the extent of the territory of the Miuisee as given here is too great. In his 
words, "that at any time, as Heckewelder asserts, their [the Munsee] territory extended up to the 
Hudson as far as tide-water, and westward 'far beyond the Susquehamiah ' is surely incorrect. Only 
after the beginning of the eighteenth century, when they had been long subject to the Irocpiois, have 
we any historic evidence that they had a settlement on the last named river." It seems, however, that 
even if the presence of the Munsee on or beyond the Susquehannah may be open to contention, their 
presence along the Hudson is well established. Gillord (Aborigines of New Jersey, p. 180) states that 
"the Minsi tribe extended as far on the west banks of the Hudson as Tappan." Yates and Moulton 
(History of New York, i, p. 225) place the Minsi even farther east, "from Long Island to and beyond Min- 
nisink." According to Ruttenber ( Hisforu of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, p. 50) the Munsee terri- 
tory "extended from the Katskill mountains to the headwaters of the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, 
and was bomided on the east by the Hudson; their council-fire was lighted at Minisink [about 10 miles 
south of Maghackemek, New Jersej-]. " The Unami joined the Mimsee on the south, somewhere about 
Stony Point. Going farther than this, Ruttenber gives (p. 93 et seq.) the various subdivisions of the 
Munsee along the Hudson and their location: the Waoroneck, about Dans-kammer; the \Varranawonkong, 
from Dans-kammer to Saugerties; the Mamekoting west of Shawangunk mountains; the \N'awarsink, 
in the district which still bears their name; the Katskills, north of Saugerties. 



14 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 

had "chosen tcv hve back of the two other tribes and formed a kind 
of a ))idwark for their protection. . , . They extended their set- 
tlements from the Minnisink, a place named after them, where they 
had their council seat and fire, quite up to the Hudson on the east, 
and to the west or southwest far beyond the 'Susquehannah'; their 
northern boundaries were supposed originally to be the heads of the 
great rivers Susquehannah and Delaware, and their southern bounda- 
ries that ridge of hills known in New Jersey by the name of Musca- 
necun, and in Pennsylvania, by those of Lehigh, Cohnewago, etc." * 

This is evidently one of the rare instances in which it is possible 
to make a clear tribal identification of older skeletal remains in 
eastern North America, and it is also an instance in which the con- 
tents of graves enable a fairly close estimate of the age of the site. 
The artifacts found with the various burials include a number of 
objects introduced by early settlers, a fact that shows the cemetery 
to be of historic date. Furthermore, one of the skeletons is that of 
a tall wliite man of Scandinavian or Nordic type, possibly one of the 
Dutch, English, or Swedes who reached the upper valley after 1614. 
As the remainder of the skeletons do not indicate any trace of ad- 
mixture of white blood, the cemetery may be regarded as dating 
from the period of the earlier contact of the Indian and Caucasian 
races, or probably from the latter part of the seventeenth or the 
beginning of the eighteenth century. It was surely earlier than 1740, 
for in that year the main body of the Munsee was forced to move 
from the Delaware, settling first on the Susquehanna and soon after 
on the Allegheny River in Pennsylvania, where some of them had 
gone as early as 1724. 

An event of anthropological importance in comiection with the 
Munsee before their removal from the Delaware is noted by Rutten- 
ber.2 In the latter part of the seventeenth century, at the outbreak 
of hostilities between the Five Nations and the French^ the advance 
of the Iroquois in the south was being contested by the Shawnee, who 
at that time were also engaged in war with the Cherokee. "In the 
latter they [the Shawnee] suffered severely, and but for the timely aid 
of the Mahicans would have been destroyed. The Lena/pes [Delawares] 
invited them to remove to their country; the invitation being ac- 
cepted, the Minsis brought the matter to the attention of the govern- 
ment of New York, in September, 1692, on an apphcation to permit 
their settlement in the Minnisink country. The council gave its 
assent on condition that they should first make peace with the Five 
Nations.^ This was soon effected, and the messengers departed, ac- 



1 Quoted from IIrdli6ka, The Crania of Trenton, op. cit., pp. 32-33. 

2 Ruttenber, History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River, p. 178. 

3 "River Indians returned from a residence with the Shawanoes, brought with them some Shawanoes 



hudliCka] physical ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 15 

compaiiied by Arnout Vielle, an interpreter, and three Christians, to 
visit the country of the Shawanoes and consummate the transfer. 
. . . Captain Arent Schuyler visited the MinnisinJcs in February, 
and there learned that the Shawanoes were expected early in the 
ensuing summer. This expectation was realized." 

From this it appears tliat l)etween 40 and 50 years before their 
removal from the Delaware, the Munsee were joined by some Shaw- 
nee, which fact may explain certain peculiar conditions shown by 
the skeletal remains that will be considered in the following pages. 

The mound or cemetery explored by the Museum of the American 
Indian was known for many years, and some human bones had been 
removed from it, especially ])y Doctor Dalrymplc, who exhumed at 
least' 15 skeletons, but unfortunately these have been lost to science. 

CONDITION OF THE COLLECTION 

General 

As already stat(>d, tiic collection from the Museum of the American 
Indian consists of 57 Indian skeletons, which range from nearly com- 
plete to such as are repres(Mitcd l)y only a few bones. Notwithstand- 
ing the fact that the condition of the material leaves much to be 
desired, many of the bones arc sufficiently well preserved to afford 
fairly good data for stutly. The ])ones show neither vestiges of green- 
ness nor traces of mineralization. There is no post-mortem deforma- 
tion, except in a few detached bones of the skulls of infants. The 
color of the l)ones is })redominantly brownish yellow, shading in some 
specimens to light dirty yellowish and in others to a darker brownish 
hue. 

Age. AND Sex 

Of the 57 individuals, 34 were adults and 23 (40 per cent) were 
adolescents or children. Among the adults the estimated ages of the 
individuals range from 24 to 70 years, and nearly half were 50 years 
or more. Young infants (first year) and fetuses are absent, having 
either been buried separately, or, more likely, had turned to dust, 
while the older, more substantial bones resisted disintegration. The 
cemetery was obviously one that served during a limited period as 
the communal burial place of a sedentary group of moderate popula- 
tion. The determination of the sex was facilitated by the good 
development of the sexual characteristics in the skulls, and by the 
presence of the pelvic and other bones of the skeleton. The results 

who intended to settle with the Minnisinks, asking permission to that end. Council directed that the 
Shawanoes must first make peace with the Five Nations.— CoztrecH Minutes, Sept. 14, 1692." 



16 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 

show that the 34 adults were divided equally hetween the sexes, as 
might be expected in the case of the remains of adults in the cemetery 
of a peaceful population.' 

Artificial Deformation 

A fact of considerable interest is the presence of artificial deforma- 
tion in more than half of all the skulls preserved. In the majority of 
cases this appears to be a smiple occipital, cradle-board flattening, 
but there are three or foui* instances in which there are plain traces 
of bilateral frontal compression, which indicates intentional deforma- 
tion and suggests that all the posteriorly flattened skulls may possibly 
be of this variety, though the applied pressure failed in most cases to 
leave a distinct mark on the frontal bone.- The result of no such 
practice has been observed in any other part of the northern or middle 
Atlantic States, but deformation of exactly this type was common 
in Arkansas and Louisiana, as well as in the area to the northeast- 
ward.^ Among the crania of the earlier and somewhat more easterly 
Lenape reported by the waiter* to the number of 25, only two (both 
females) showed slight occipital flattening. These facts are signifi- 
cant and point either to some difference in derivation between the 
^lunsee and other Lenape and eastern Algonquian tribes, or, if of 
common derivation, to a connection between the Munsee and some 
people from the Trans-Appalachian region to the southwestward. 
It is in this connection that the historic accession to the Munsee of 
some Shawnee is suggestive, for the latter, or a part of them, lived 
in Kentucky and Tennessee, where the practice of fronto-occipital 
deformation was not uncommon, and in some parts of that area, 
indeed, was quite general. 

Pathology 

The bones in the collection are exceptionally free from the effects of 
injury and disease. The skulls exhibit no scars or injuries, and no 
disease, with the exception of a case of perforating mastoiditis in one 
of the children (no. 285,348). There is, however, as wiU be shown 
later, a considerable proportion of dental caries, with some indica- 
tions of pyorrhea alveolaris. 

1 Had the cemetery, prior to its disturbance, contained the remains of as many as 200 bodies of all ages, 
including infants, with a yearly mortality in the tribe of 35 per thousand, it could have been in use only 
about 60 years by a population of 100, and proportionately less, of course, for a larger group. 

2 As happened frequently on the coast of Peru, for instance, where the same type of deformation was 
practiced. No board was used in these instances, the frontal compression being effected by means of pads. 

■> Report on a Collection of Crania from Arkansas, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila., 
xm, 558-563, Phila., 1908; Report on an Additional Collection of Skeletal Remains from Arkansas and 
Louisiana, ibid., xiv, 1909, pp. 173-240, 9 figs.; Report on Skeletal Remains from a Mound on Haley Place, 
near Red River, Miller County, Ark., ibid., xiv, 1912, pp. 639-640; Report on a Collection of Crania and 
Bones from Sorrel Bayou, Iberville Parish, La., ibid., xvi, 1913, pp. 95-100- 

* The Crania of Trenton, op. eit., 1902. 













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to 


















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.o,QS. 



HRDLifKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 17 

111 the remaining bones of the skeletons the only marks of injury 
or disease are as follow: 
Humeri (total nmnber present, adults/ 5G) : 

Left bone of no. 285,307: Old surface injury mvolving lower 

fourth of external border, with formation of some callus and 

a peculiar foramen (pi. 23). 
Right bone of no. 285,303: Complete ankylosis with idna, at 

right angle, possibly as a result of an early fracture of the 

olecranon (pi. 24). 
Both humeri of no. 285,320: Some periostitis on distal third. 
Both humeri of no. 285,306: Osteoperiostitis, distal half. 
Radii (total number, adults, 45): 

Both bones of no. 285,320: Some osteoperiostitis over distal half. 
TJlnse, (total number, adults, 44): 

Left bone of no. 285,306: Moderate osteoperiostitis, lower bone 

(right healthy). 
Femora (total number, adults, 60): 

Pair, no. 285,306: Moderate osteoperiostitis, distal half. 

Right bone of no. 285,336: Some osteoperiostitis, distal half 

(left healthy). 
Right bono of no. 285,320: Moderate osteoperiostitis, distal half 

(left healthy). 
Right ])one of no. 285,313: Marked "mushroom head" (arthritis 

deformans) ; left healthy. 
Left bone of no. 285,321: Moderate "mushroom head." 
Tibise (total number, adults, 58): 

Right bone of no. 285,301: Trace of periostitis at middle (left 

healthy). 
Right bone of no. 285,303: Slight osteoperiostitis on external 

surface, middle third (left healthy). 
Right bone of no. 285,306: Osteoperiostitis, proximal half (left 

healthy). 
Left bone of no. 285,313: Moderate localized osteoperiostitis, 

middle (right healthy). 
Right bone of no. 285,336: Moderate osteoperiostitis, middle 

tliree-fifths (left healthy). 
Left bone of no. 285,309: Trace of periostitis (right healthy). 
Pair of no. 285,320: Osteoperiostitis. 
Left bone of no. 285,321 : Slight arthritis, upper articular surface 

(right healthy). 
Fihulx (number present, adults, 51): 
Pair, no. 285,320: Osteoperiostitis. 

1 The bones of the children show nothing pathological. 
17135°— Bull. 62—16 2 



18 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 

Clavicles (present, 44): 

Pair, no, 285,305: Moderate osteoperiostitis. 

Eight, no. 285,320: Osteoperiostitis. 
Sternum (present, 14): 

Moderate arthritic changes in nos. 285,305, 285,309, and 285,314. 
Scapulx (present, 25) : Nothing pathological. 
Rihs (present, 420): 

No. 285,305: Two long ribs fractured, weU healed. 

No. 285,309 : One long rib fractured. 

In addition, most of the ribs of nos. 285,305 and 285,333 show 
traces of arthritis. 
Sjyine (of 25 individuals, mostly complete) : 

No. 285,305 : Some marginal exostoses (arthritic) in the cervical 
and lumbar regions. 

No. 285,306: Moderate arthritic exostoses, lumbar region. 

No. 285,333: Advanced spondylitis deformans, involving parts of 
dorsal and whole lumbar region with sacrum, synostosis. 

No. 285,319: Moderate artlu"itic exostoses on nearly all. 

No. 285,311: Moderate arthritic exostoses. 

No. 285,320: Moderate arthritic exostoses. 

No. 285,328: Moderate arthritic exostoses in cervical and lumbar 
regions. 
Pelvic hones (of 20 individuals) : 

No. 285,321, right: Some marks of artliiitis about acetabulum. 
Bones of the hand (number, 774): 

No. 285,303: Carpal bones of right all damaged, crushed, and 
fused with third metacarpal. 

No. 285,320: One of the carpals cnished in life. 
Bones oj the feet: 

Os calcis (number, 61): Nothing pathological. 

Astragalus (number, 58): Nothing pathological. 

Other bones (number, 537): 

No. 285,321 : Right scaphoid, artlu-itis (left hcidthy). 

No, 285,326: First right metacarpal diminutive (may have been 
injured in early life), 
Patellx (number, 38) : 

Pair of no. 285,329: Slight artlii'itis. 
A summary of the above details shows that there are only six, pos- 
sibly seven, instances of more noteworthy injury, and of these tliree 
pertain to ribs (two in one person) and two to the wrist. These are 
very moderate proportions of traumatism, and show plainly that the 
people represented by the remains led unusually peaceful lives. 

As to disease, there is evidence of oidy four conditions, namely: 
Periostitis, osteoperiostitis, arthritis, and arthritis deformans; and of 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 4 



,'^. 






i.^^^*^-. 












5 np?«ih,".*it«ivy 




r:-^: 



'^^ 





TWO TYPICAL MUNSEE BURIALS IN MODERATELY CONTRACTED 

POSITION 



HRDLK'KAJ PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE • 19 

these four the first two and again tlie last two are closely related, 
being really only degrees or varieties of the same processes. It is 
quite possible that all four conditions are merely differing manifesta- 
tions of artlu'itis. There is no well-founded suspicion of tlic^ existence 
of syphilis in the tribe, and there is no trace of either rachitis, tubercu- 
losis, or tumors of the bones, (Dental caries will be referred to under 
Teeth.) 

We may now approach the more strictly anthropological ob- 
servations. 

THE (mANIA 

General Observations: Differences in Type 

Although the remains comprise seventeen adult males and the 
same number of females, some of the skulls are so defective that 
measurements and notes of value could be made only on those of 
ten males and thirteen females. 

In examining and arranging these specimens, the first realization 
of importance is that, while the majority clearly belong to one type, 
there are a few that must be classed apart. The main type, as will 
be noted later and more plainly from the measurements, is that 
characterized by dolichocephaly to mesocephaly, and agrees with 
that prevalent among other Lenape as well as other Eastern tribes. 
The additional type is brachycephalic. Among the twenty-five 
skulls of adults there are four of the brachycephalic type, all females. 
A few additional examples existed evidently among the children; 
and several of the remaining skidls may be transitional as a result of 
admixture. The brachycephaly is so marked that it can not be due 
to normal individual variation within the series, and if we exclude 
this possibility the only remaining conclusion is that the broad-heads 
could not have been Lenape, except by adoption. The individuals 
represented by these skulls might have come from western Pennsyl- 
vania, where brachycephaly seems to have prevailed at least in 
some districts; or from farther southwestward, from a region to 
which points the intentional deformation among the "Munsee" 
crania. These possibly represent the Shawnee, who came from 
that section and who, according to growing indications, while 
speaking Algonquian were of a different type physically. 

The admixture of this type existed evidently also among other 
branches of the Lenape, and to a more limited extent among various 
other tribes of the Atlantic states. The writer called attention to 
this mixture in 1902,^ and wiU return to the subject in the second 
part of this memoir, which deals with Eastern skulls in general. 

1 Crania of Trenton, op. cit. 



20 BUREAU OF AMEKICAX ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 

Chief Descriptive Features 

The skidls are of good size, but otherwise are characterized by 
moderate development. There is no massiveness, no heavy supra- 
orbital arches or crests, no heavy jaws. It is plain that they did 
not belong to a tribe of great huntsmen or warriors. 

The frontal region, though prevalently somewhat low in the females, 
in a large majority of the cases is well arched; the zygomae are not 
excessively broad, the malar bones not heavy. The nose is rather 
short, the face only mildly prognathic. The dental arches, as in the 
majority of Indians, are very regular, and the same applies to the 
medium-sized teeth. The vault of the skull from above is either 
ovoid (58 per cent) or elliptical (42 per cent), while the outhne of the 
norma posterior approaches more or less the pentagonal. 

In addition there may be mentioned an unusual scarcit}^ of 
Wormian bones and an equal sparsity of marked anomalies. These 
and other features are treated in detail in another part of this paper. 
(See pp. 35, 47.) 

Measurements 

The measm'ements ^ offer many points of interest, although, so far 
as the vault is concerned, they are considerably interfered with by 
artificial deformation in some of the specimens. As in certain 
former reports by the writer, they will be dealt with in order accord- 
ing to their significance. 

FORM OF the vault 

The measurements relating to tlie form of the vault comprise the 
maximum length and breadth, and the basion-bregma height, with 
the resultant percentage-relations or indexes. The details are given 
in the accompanying table. Although the number of undeformed 
specimens in good condition is small, it will be seen (a) that there 
is an absence of extremes in the several dimensions, (b) that the 
crania range in type from doUchocephalic to mesocephalic, and (c) 
that they show good height. As a result of the latter, both the 
height-length and the height-breadth indices are high, though corre- 
sponding well with those of many other Indian tribes and those of 
numerous other branches of the yeUow-brown race. Comparisons 
will be found in the second part of this report, which deals with the 
Eastern Indians in general. 

1 All measurements presented in this report were taken personally by the writer, with proved instruments 
and due care. Unless otherwise noted, the methods follow strictly the international agreements of Monaco 
and (ieneva. 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 5 











v^/*^'^:!-"'^'"^'''- .-'-Vv 




TWO BURIALS IN EXTENDED POSITION 

The lowLT burial is of special interef-t as showing how much of a skeleton may be decayed or 
scattered without disturbance of the remainder 



HRPr.irKAl 



PHYSICAL ANTHEOPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



21 



I. MUNSKE CRANIA: MEASUREMKNTS RELATING TO THE FORM OF THE VAULT * 

MALES 



Cat. No., 
U.S.N.M. 


I^eforniation 


Length, 
maxi- 
nuuu 

(a) 


Breadth 
maxi- 
miuu 

0') 


Height 
(hasion- 
hregma) 

(c) 


Ceiihalic 
index 

bxioo 


Height- 
length 
index 

ex 100 


Height- 
breadth 
index 

cxioo 




a 


a 


b 


285,303 

285 308 


(Slight asymmetry) 


cm. 
IS. 9 

19. S 
18.7 
IS. S 
(17.7) 
(IT.S) 
(17.0) 


cm. 

13. :i 

14. r. 
11 
11. i 

(13.7) 
(l.^).l) 

(14. r,) 


cm . 

11.2 

13. S 

11 

13.7 
(14.4) 
(14.6) 
(13.7) 


70.4 
73.7 
74.9 

76.6 


75. 1 
69.7 
74.9 
72.9 


106. 8 
94 5 


285 306 




100 


28.5,313 




95 1 


28.5,326 


Slight occipital flattening 

Moderate occipital flattening. 
do 




285,301 




1 


285,305 




1 




Averages of unde- 








(4) 
19.05 


(4) 
14.1 


(4) 
13.9 


(4) 
73.9 


(4) \ (4) 
73 1 QR 











285,309. 
285,327. 
285,307. 

285,320. 
285,347. 
2S5,.302. 
285„304 . 
285,310. 
285,321 . 



Trace of fronto-occipital flat- 
tening t 



Moderate occipital flattening 

....do 

do 

Marked occipital with slight 
frontal flattening 



Averages of imde- 
formed 



IS. 2 
17.6 

16.9 
17.4 
IS 

(16.0) 
(16.6) 
(16.9) 

(16.4) 



(■<) 
17.6 



13. 3 
13.1 

13 

13.4 

14 

(14.1) 
(14.3) 
(14.4) 



13.1 
12.4 

12.9 

13 

13 

(13.2) 
(14.2) 
(14.2) 



(14. ,5) (14.2) 



(•■i) 
13.4 



12.9 



73. 1 
74.4 



(•5) 
75.8 



72 

71). 5 



76. 3 
74.7 
72.2 



(•^>) 
73.1 



98. 5 
94.7 

99.2 

97 

92.9 



(5) 



96.4 



* Arranged on the basis of the cephalic index. 
fNot sufficient to vitiate the measurements. 

Attontion may he called to the lower value of the average cephalic 
mdex and the higher value of the average height-breadth index in 
the males than in the females. These conditions, due to the rela- 
tively greater length and also to the relatively greater height of the 
male skull, are not exceptional and will later be found to be quite 
general among Eastern Indians. 

The identical value of the average heiglit-length index in the two 
sexes is of no special significance and is probably incidental. 

In the deformed skulls we see the usual effect of the flattening b}^ 
the lessening of the length and a compensatory increase in both 
breadth and height. 



22 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



SIZE OF THE SKULL 

The principal determinations relating to the size of the vault are 
the cranial module or mean diameter, the capacity, the circum- 
ference, and the antero-posterior arc, all of which are given in the 
next table, where also is shown the thickness of the skull, which is 
of importance as a corrective to the external dimensions. 

n. MUNSEE CRANIA: MEASUREMENTS RELATING TO THE SIZE OF THE VAULT* 

MALES 



Number 



285,320. 
285,306. 
285,303. 
285,301. 
285,305. 
285,313. 
285,308. 



Averages. 



Capacity f 



c. c. 
1,470 
1^505 
1, 515 
1,515 
1,530 
1,550 
L720 



(7) 
1,544 



Cranial 
Module 
L+B + H 



cm. 
15. 27 
15.57 
15.47 
15.83 
15.10 
15.63 
16.07 



15.56 



Circum- 
ference 
maximum 
(above 
supra- 
orbital 
ridges) 



cm. 
49.3 
51.5 
51.7 
51 

49.4 
51.3 
55 



Nasion- 

opisthion 

arc 



(7) 



cm. 
36.2 
36.6 
38.3 
36.9 
35.2 
37.1 
39.5 



(7) 



Thickness 

of left 
parietal (1 
cm. above 
and along 
squamous 
suture) 



4 

4.5 

5.5 

6.5 

5.0 

5.5 

4 



(7) 



285,327. 
28,1,307. 
285,347. 
285,320. 
28.5,304. 
285,302. 
285,309. 
28,5,321. 
285,310. 



Averages. 



1,225 


14.37 


1,240 


14.27 


1,265 


15.0 


1,280 


14.60 


1,275 


15.03 


1,295 


14.43 


1,300 


14.87 


1,310 


15.03 


1,375 


1.5. 17 


(9) 


(9) . 


1,285 


14.75 



(9) 



48.5 


34.9 


47.6 


33.9 


50.2 


35.1 


48.2 


35.0 


48.7 


33.3 


47.9 


33.8 


50.1 


36.3 


48.7 


34.0 


49.3 


3.5.0 


) 


(9) 


48.8 


34.6 



3.5 
3.5 
5.5 
4.0 
5.0 
4.0 
4.0 
5.0 
5.0 



(9) 



♦Arranged on the basis of capacity. 

t Measured with dry mustard-seed and by the writer's method described in Science, xvii, 1903, pp. 
1011-1014. 

It will be noted that the measurements of the Munsee skulls, par- 
ticularly those of the males, show fair capacity as weU as external size 
of the vault, and also that only a few of the crania are thick-walled. 
An interesting feature is the unusual superiority of the measurements 
of the males over those of the females. This in a measure is due to 
the occurrence among the males of one skull of extraordinary size 
(1,720 c. c); but even if we exclude this, the difference between the 
two sexes is somewhat greater than among other Indians. In the 
following table are given a few comparative data on this point. 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 6 




MALE MUNSEE SKULL, NO. 285,303, U.S.N. M. (FRONT VIEW; 



hrdlu'ka] 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



23 



in. RELATION OF AVERAGES OF MEASUREMENTS RELATING TO SIZE OF VAULT IN 

MALES AND FEMALES 

(Males=100) 



Group 


Number of speci- 
mens 


Capacity 


Module 


Circum- 
ference 


Nasion- 

opisthioa 

arc 


Thick- 




Males 


Females 






19 
12 
6 


14 
9 


86.5 
89.5 
85. 


96 

96 
95.5 


96 
97 

96 


96. .5 

98 

94.5 


92.5 




88 


Munsee (excepting no. 285,308) . . 


88 



* From A. HrcUi6ka, Report on an Additional Collection of Skeletal Remains from Arkansas and Loui- 
siana, Jour. Acad. Kat. Sci. Phila., xiv, 1909, pp. 171-249. 

These data are of interest in a number of additional particulars. 
In the first place, it is seen that, barring capacity, a striking similarity 
exists in the relation of female to male measurements in the different 
groups of Indians. There are reasons to believe that such resem- 
blances are not confined to these tribes alone or even to Indians 
generally, but extend, with a limited range of variation, to all races. 

Another remarkable fact is that the external measurements of the 
skuU, especially the mean diameter or module, and the circumference 
show practically identical percental relations in the two sexes, aver- 
aging each about 96 for the female to 100 for the male ; while in capac- 
ity the difference is decidecUy greater (less than 90 to 100) in favor of 
the male, notwithstanding the fact that the thickness of the female 
skulls averages smaller. In other words, a female skull only nine- 
tenths as thick as that of a male and which gives external measure- 
ments that compare with those of the male cranium in a ratio of 96 
to 100, will stand in respect to its internal capacity toward the male 
skull as only 88 or 89 to 100. The cause of this must be attributed to 
the unequal build, in the two sexes, of those parts of the skull which 
are not reached by the ordinary external measurements, and the 
narrower and especially the lower frontal region in the female plays 
probably a large part in this connection. 

RELATION OF SIZE OF SKULL TO STATURE 

The size of the head, as is well known, increases with stature. 
This increase is not uniform, but progresses in a diminishing ratio. 
The fact holds true in all races, though the exact values of the ratio 
with the different racial elements have not as yet been determined 
definitely. In the case of skeletal remains, in which it is not possible 
to learn the exact stature, the most suitable manner of obtaining 
light on the subject is to compare the length of the femur with the 
cranial capacity, by wliich means we ascertain the number of cubic 
centimeters of the capacity that correspond to each centimeter of 
the length of the femur. The following data give the results of such 



24 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



a comparison among the Munsee and on Indian skeletal remains from 
Arkansas and Louisiana. ^ 

IV. MUNSEE CRANIA: RELATION OF SKULL CAPACITY TO STATURE * 

MALE.S 



Number 


Bicondylar 

lenfith of 

right femur 


Skull 
capacity 


Femoro- 
cranial 

index (=c.c. 

of skull 

capacity 

per 1.0 cm. 

of femoral 

length) 


285 305 


cm. 
43.4 
44.2 
4.5.1 
45.1 
45.3 
46.6 
48.1 


c. c. 
1,530 
1,515 
1,720 
1,515 
1,550 
1,470 
1,505 


3.5.3 


285,301 


34.3 


285,308 


38. 1 


285,303 


33.6 


285,313 


34.2 


285,326 


31.5 


285,306 


31.3 








(45.4) 
45.4 


(1,544) 
1,514 


(34. 0) 


Exclusive of 285,308 


33.3 








1,295 
1, 225 
1,2S0 
1,300 
1,375 
1,310 
1,275 
1,240 



(S) 
1,288 



32.8 
30.4 
30.5 
30.7 
32.0 
30.1 
29.1 
27.7 



(S) 



COMP.-VRATIVE D.\TA 
MALE.S 




45.1 
44.4 


1,446 
1, 434 


32.1 




•32.3 






FEMALES 


Louisiana (5) 


41.7 


1,330 


31.9 



* Arranged on the basis of stature (i. e., length of femur). 

The results presented in the table show considerable individual 
variation in the femoro-cranial index, by reason of vt^hich there is 
some irregularity of alignment of the cases. This is especially true 
in regard to the ca[)acity, which in this small series shows little 



' Published by the writer in his Report on an Additional Collection, etc., op. cit., 1909, pp. 179, iss. 



HRDLi(^KA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 25 

reg^ularity or evidence of conformity with the aforementioned general 
rule of increase of the size of the head with statm-e. The tallest of the 
eight females had one of the smallest heads, and the man with the 
largest brain was not even of average height. However, there is no 
doubt that if the series of skulls was considerably larger, the usual 
progression, showing gradual increase in the size of the brain with 
the height of the body, would be apparent. 

The femoro-cranial index progresses much more regularly than the 
capacity, and shows another weU-known fact, also common to all 
human races, namely, that while the absolute size of the l)rain enlarges 
in proportion to the stature, its relative dimensions with reference to 
stature diminish as the latter increases; so that while the tall man or 
woman may be expected to have an absolutely larger brain than the 
average of his group, relatively to his stature he will have less brain 
matter than the short individuals of the same group. 

The averages in the preceding table are interesting in another 
particular — i. e., the difference in the value of the femoro-cranial index 
in the two sexes. Both the former records of the Louisiana crania 
and those of the Munsee now presented show these indexes to be 
perceptibly lower in the females than in the males. The superiority 
in this respect among the male crania is seen not only in the averages, 
but practically tlu'oughout the records, seven of the eight indexes in 
the females being below the minimum of the indexes in the males. 
It seems evident that among the Indians the brain substance in the . 
females is not only absolutely smaller than in the males, but is also 
somewhat smaller for each centimeter of stature, so that men of the 
same height as the women would still show an advantage in this 
particular. This advantage is not necessarily connected with men- 
tality, but may be due to the greater muscularity of the males. 

As to the value of the femoro-cranial index in different tribes, we 
can as yet say nothing positive. The indications arc that if differ- 
ences exist, they are not of a very pronounced character. 

SIZE AN1> SHAPE OF THE FACE 

The measurements chosen, as in the writer's work previously 
cited, are only the most essential. They include the total and upper 
length of face, and the three breadth measm-ements — the smallest 
breadth of the forehead, the greatest facial breadth in the plane of the 
zygomatic arches, and the breadth at the angles of the lower jaw. 
As to the total facial length (chin-nasion), wherever the teeth were 
worn due allowance for the wear was made on the basis of measure- 
ments on well-preserved teeth of the same sex and in the same group. 

The results, presented in the next table, show that among the 
Munsee the face was of only fair height and that its other dimensions 
were rather subdued for Indians. 



26 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



rBULI,. 02 



V. MUNSEE CRANIA: MEASUREMENTS RELATING TO SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE FACE * 

MALES 



Number 



285,303. 
285,300. 
285,326. 
285,313. 
285,308. 
285,305. 
285,301 . 



Averages. 



Total 
length 
efface 
(chin- 
nasion)t 

(X) 



cm. 
11. S 
12.2 
12.1 
12.0 
12.6 
12.1 
12.3 



12.15 



Upper 
length 
(pros- 
thion- 
nasion) 

(y) 



cm,. 
6.8 
7.0 
6.9 
7.2 
7.4 
7.2 
7.6 



Breadth 
of face 
(diam. 
bizyg. 
max.) 

(z) 



cm. 
13.7 
13.9 
13.6 
14.0 
14.2 
13.6 
14.2 



Facial 
index 
total 
XX 100 



86.1 

87. S 
89.0 



89.0 
86.6 



(~) 
7.15 



(7) 
13.9 



(") 
87.6 



Facial 
index 
upper 

yxioo 



49.6 
50.4 
50.7 
51.4 
52.2 
52.9 
.53. 5 



Cephalic 
index of 
the skull 
(for com- 
parison) 



70.4 
74.9 

(t) 
76.6 
73.7 

(§) 

(§) 



Diameter 

frontal 

minimum 



(") 
51.5 



cm. 
9.3 
9.5 
8.7 
9.0 
10.1 
9.6 
9.5 



Diameter 
bigonial 



(J) 



cm. 

11 

11.9 

10.6 
9.5 

11.1 
9.5 
9.3 



(") 



10.4 



285,310. 
285,327. 
285,302. 
285,307. 
285,304. 



Averages. 



11.9 


7.0 


13.6 


87.5 


51.5 


(§) 


9.8 


11.2 


6.6 


12.4 


90.3 


53.2 


74.4 


8.4 


11.9 


7.0 


12.8 


93.0 


54.7 


(§) 


9.3 


(?) 


6.S 


12.4 




54.8 


76.9 


8.5 


11.8 


7.3 


12.9 


91. 5 


56.5 


(§) 


9.4 


W 


(5) 


(5) 


(4) 


(5) 






11.7 


6.9 


12.8 


90.5 


54.1 




9.1 







10.3 

8.7 
9.8 



9.6 



* Arranged on the basis of the Upper Facial Index. 

t Where teeth were worn off, due allowance was made for the defect, the normal enameled portion of 
median incisors in apposition being taken as 19 mni. high, in the men. 
t Slightly deformed. 
§ Deformed. 

The bizygomatic breadth, though not really small, is below the 
average in many other tribes of Indians, while the frontal breadth 
and that of the lower jaw are also somewhat below the medium. 
These results bear out the statement made under "General Observa- 
tions" (p. 20) relative to the moderate proportions of the face of the 
Munsee, Comparative data given in the second part of this report 
indicate that in some of these respects, especially in the height of the 
face, the Munsee were somewhat exceptional among the Eastern tribes. 

The facial indexes indicate mild chamoeprosopy to mild lepto- 
prosopy. Both the total and the upper indexes are perceptibly 
higher in the females, which on analysis of the measurements is seen 
to be due to the relatively greater narrowness of the face in the female, 
which, in turn, is doubtless connected with a relatively smaller devel- 
opment of the temporal muscles, the main muscles of mastication. 
The same condition was noticeable in the crania from Ai-kansas and 
Louisiana previously reported by the writer, and is probably c|uite 
general among Indians. Some of the foreheads and some of the lower 
jaws among the Munsee, as will be seen from the details, were rela- 
tively quite narrow. 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 




MALE MUNSEE SKULL, NO. 285,303, U.S.N.M. (VIEW FROM ABOVE), 
SHOWING TYPICAL FEATURES 



hrdlk'^ka] 



PHYSTCAI. ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



27 



ORBITS. NOSE 

With respect to the orbits, the writer follows his invariable custom 
of making measurements on both sides and recording the mean, 
wliich, in turn, gives rise to a mean index. This procedure is necessary 
in view of (lie fact that in only a minority of cas(^s are the two orbits 
of equal dimensions and that sometimes they differ considerably. ^ 

Among the series of Lenape crania which the writer reported on in 
1902," there were several specimens in which the orbits, were unusu- 
ally low. At that time it seemed as if this feature might be almost 
characteristic of these Indians; but evidently such is not the case, for 
low orbits are quite rare among the Munsee. As will be seen from the 
following figures, in only one instance (male, no. 285,313) are the orbits 
decidedly low and broad, giving the microseme ^ index of 78.1. Of the 
remaining cases four males and two females (43 per cent) are mesoseme, 
while two of the males and five of the females (50 per cent) are mega- 
seme. The extensive fluctuation of the orbital index in both sexes 
of the Munsee tribe is very striking, but much tlie same variation was 
observed in the Arkansas and Louisiana crania previously mentioned, 
and is present among the Eastern tribes in general. 

VI. MUNSEE CRANIA: ORBITS,* NOSE f 



Orbits 


Nose 


Number 


Mean 
height 

(a) 


Mean 

breadth 

(b) 


Mean 

index 

bxiOO 

a 


Number 


Height 


Breadth 


Index 

BxlOO 

H 


285,313 


cm. 
3.2 
3.4 
3.4 
3.6 
3.35 
3.3 
3.6 


cm. 
-1.1 
3. 95 
3.9 
4.0.') 
3. 75 
3.6 - 
3.9 


78.1 
86.1 
87.2 
87.2 
89.3 
91.7 
92.9 


285, 303 
285, 326 
285, 301 
28.5,305 
285,308 
2&5,306 
28.5,313 


5.0 

.5.0 

,5. 45 

5.0 

5.3 

.5.0 

,5. 15 


cm. 
2.2 
2.35 
2.6 
2.5 
2.8 
2.9 
3.0 


44.0 


285,308 


47.0 


285,303 


47.7 


285,305 


50.0 


285,306 


52.8 


285,326 


58 


285,301 


58. 3 








(7) 
3.4 


3.9 


87.5 




5.1 


(T) 
2.6 


(7) 






51.1 









* Arranged on the basis of the Orbital Index. t Arranged on the basis of the Nasal Index. 

' It seems advisable to mention at this point the exact method used by the writer in the measurement of 
the orbits, for there appears to be not a little discrepancy in this respect among dilTerent workers. The 
measurements are those of Broca: The breadth is from dacryoii (the point of intersection of the lachrymo- 
frontal suture and the sharp free orbital border of the lachrymal canal) to the most distal part of the 
lateral boundary of the orbit, below the malo-frontal .suture; while the height is the maximum height, from 
about the center of the lower border of Ihe orbit. Both dimensions can be taken with fair accuracy by 
either a graduated rod or by the two sharp points of the compas glissihre. The main point is that the 
mea-surements should not comprise any part of the borders of the orbits, particularly the outer one, which 
differs considerably in thickn&ss and breadth, and part of which seems not uifrequenlly to be included 
by those who lake these measurement.s. 

- Crania of Trenton, etc., op. cit. 

^ Broca'scla-ssificalion. 



28 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



VI. MUNSEE CRANIA: ORBITS, NOSE— Continued 

FEMALES 



Nose 



Number 



28.5,321 . . 
285,310... 
285,307 . . 
285,309... 
285,327... 
285,304... 
285,302... 

Averages 



Mean 

height 

(a) 



cm. 
3.3 
3.4 
3.5 
3.3 
3.4 
3.5 
3.55 



(7) 
3.4 



Mean 

breadth 

(b) 



cm. 
3.8 
3.85 
3.8.5 
3.65 
3.6 
3.7 
3.65 



(7) 
3.72 



Mean 
index 
bXlOO 



Number 



86.8 
88.3 
90.3 
90.4 
94.4 
94.6 
97.9 



285, 304 
285,302 
285,347 
285,309 
285,310 
285,327 
28.5,320 
285, 307 
285,321 



(7) 
91.7 



Height 



5.3 
4.9 
5.0 
4.9 
.5.0 
4.8 
4.9 
4.8 
5.2 



(9) 



5.0 



Breadth 



2.0 
2.4 
2.5 
2.6 
2.7 
2.6 
2.7 
2.7 
3 



(9) 
2.65 



Index 

BXlOO 

H 



47.7 

49 

50 

.53.1 

54 

54.2 

55.1 

.56.3 



(9) 



52.9 



The average orbital index in the female Aliinsee is higher than that 
in the males, as is generally the case, a fact directly due to the heavier 
development of the supraorbital region in the males. 

The nose in many of the individual Munsee, in conformity with the 
rest of the upper face, was rather short, but occasionall}^ it was quite, 
broad. The indexes, according to Broca's classification, give four 
instances (25 per cent; 3 m., 1 f.) of leptorhinic, four cases (25 per 
cent; 2 m., 2 f.) of mesorhinic, and eight cases (50 per cent; 3 m., 
5 f.) of moderately platyrhinic nasal aperture, the averages falling 
both in mesorliiny. The usual accompaniments of platyrhiny in the 
negro nose, however, are invariably absent, the inferior borders of the 
aperture being moderately sharp and the bridge showing generally a 
fan development. 

PROGNATHISM 

Measurements relating to prognathism include tln-ee basal diam- 
eters, namely, from basion to prosthion, the subnasal point and nasion ; 
and the subnasal (alveolar) height, with the heights from prosthion and 
the subnasal point to nasion. These lines connected give us, in skulls 
in which the facial parts are well preserved, the angle of the face as a 
whole and also the alveolar angle, which it is important to measure 
separately. 

An extended and meritorious report on the naso-alveolo-basilar 
angle such as here described was published m 1909 and 1910 by Dr. 
P. Rivet,^ who commenced its determination independently by the 



i L 



'Anthropologic, xx, 1909, pp. 35 et seq., 175 et seq.; 1910, pp. 505, 637. 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 9 




MALE SKULL, NO. 99-6669, A.M.N.H., FROM MANHATTAN ISLAND 

(FRONT VIEW) 



huuliCka] 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 
VII. MUNSEE CRANIA: PROGNATHISM, FACIAL AND ALVEOLAR* 

MALES 



29 



Number 


Basion- 

proslhion 

line 

(a) 


Basion 

subnasal 

jjoint t 

(6) 


Basion- 
nasion 

(c) 


Prosthion- 
nasion 
height 

id) 


Prosthion- 

subnasal 

point height 

(c) 


Facial 
angle 
(angle be- 
tween a 
and d) 


Alveolar 

angle 
(angle be- 
tween a 
and f) 


285,306 


cm. 
10.5 
10.2 
10 
9.4 
9.9 
9.5 


cm. 
9.7 
9.2 

8.8 
8.6 
8.9 

8.7 


cm. 
10.4 
10.3 
10.4 
10.0 
10.3 
10.2 


cm. 
7 

7.4 
7.6 
7.2 
6.9 
6.8 


cm. 
2.1 
2.2 
2.3 
2.2 
2.0 
1.9 


70 
70 
72 
74 
74 


62 


28.5,308 


58 


2S.-),301 


54 


2SJ,30o 


64 


285,326 


56 


285,303 


61 








(6) 
9.9 


(«) 
9.0 


(6) 
10.3 


(6) 
7.15 


(6) 
2.1 


(6) 
73 


(6) 

59 






2,S5,,307 

28.5,327 

28.5,302 


10.4 
9.4 
9.0 

10 
9.4 


9.2 
8.4 
8.0 
9.0 
8.4 


10.1 
9.7 
9.6 
10.5 
10.2 


6.8 
6.6 
7.0 
7.3 

7 


2.1 
1.9 
2.2 
2.1 
2.1 


69 
74 
74 
74 
76 


52 
55 
58 


285,304 


58 


28,5,310 


58 






Averages 


(5) 
9.6 


(5) 
8.6 


(5) 
10 


(5) 
6.9 


(5) 
2.1 


(5) 
74 


(5) 

57 







* Arrangement of cases based on Facial Angle. 

t The "subnasal point" of the wTiter is the lowest point on the mferior border of the nasal aperture 
on the loft side: it is tlie point from which llie height of the nose is measured. 

same method as that of the present writer and ahnost simultaneously 
with him; but no comparisons are as yet available in regard to the 
alveolar angle. It appears from Rivet's data that among modern 
white adults the average of the facial angle, as herein defined, ranges 
in round numbers from 70.5° to 73°; ^ among the negroes, the mean 
of Rivet's series gives 68.5°; among several groups of American 
Indians it was 68° to 71.5°. Rivet calculated his indexes mathemat- 
ically and with the help of an " abaque," while the writer obtained his 
results by the direct (graphic) method, which, for small series of 
calculations and used with precision, seems to him preferable, although 
the results are probably quite comparable. By this method the writer 
obtamed on the Arkansas and Louisiana crania, previously reported, 
averages ranging for the facial index from 70° to 74° for the males, 
and 68° to 70° for the females; while the alveolar angle gave the 
average of 55° to 60° in the males, and 51° to 53° in the females. 
The Munsee crania give the rather high average of 73° for the males 
and 74° for the females, with respect to the facial angle, and 59° in 
the males with 57° in the females for the alveolar angle. These 

1 An exceptional group of Wends reached 76,5°. 



30 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY f boll. 62 

figures indicate that both the facial and the alveolar protrusion in the 
Munsee was exceedingly moderate for a group of Indians, although in 
a measure the height of the indexes is due to the shortness of the face. 

PALATE 

It was possible to obtain satisfactory measurements of the palate 
(or, more strictly speaking, the upper alveolar arch) in 13 instances, 
which, in view of the usually frequent defects of the arch, is a good 
proportion of the cases. The measurements and indexes follow 
Turner's method, which is quite satisfactory.^ The greatest length 
recorded by Turner in 20 European male and 8 European female 
skulls was 6 cm., the smallest 4.7 cm.; the greatest breadth 6.9 cm., 
the smallest 5.6 cm. The same measurements among the Munsee 
range, if we take both sexes together, from 5.1 cm. to 6 cm. for length 
and 5.9 cm. to 7.2 cm. for breadth, showing both dimensions, though 
more especially the breadth, to be slightly superior in these Indians 
to what they are in whites. The palatal or "uranic" index averaged, 
in Turner's whites, 116.2 in the males and 115.6 in the females: in the 
Munsee the averages are 120.7 for the former and 120.5 for the latter 
sex, showing the palate in these Indians to be more ''brachy-uranic, " 
or relatively broader. The sexual differences in both Turner's and 
th(^ present series are so small as to be practically negligible. In the 
different groups of Arkansas and I^ouisiana crania, reported in 1909 by 
the writer, the average palatal index ranged from 116 to 122 in the 
males and from 115 to 122 in the females — conditions very similar to 
those shown in the present observations. 

It may here be pointed out that the whole subject of the dimensions 
of the palate or aveolar arch in the different races, and especially in 
the different types of skull, needs investigation. As it is, the variety 
in the dimensions and shape of these structures, and especially their 
correlation with the rest of the face and skull, are only imperfectly 
understood. 



■ Length: "From the alveolar point to a line drawn across the hinder borders of the maxillary bones. 
Breadth: Maximum external just above the molar teeth." 



HRDLKKA I 



PHYSICAL anthropolo(;y op the jjcnapk 



31 



VIII. MUNSEE CRANIA: PALATE;* LOWER JAW;** FORAMEN MAONUM 

MALES 



Palate 


Lower jaw 


Foramen 
magnum 


Number 


Length 


Breadth 


Index 

BXlOO 

L 


Nimiber 


Height 
at svm- 
physist 


Thick- 
ness 

at 2d 
left 

molart 


Diam- 
eter 
bigon- 
ial 


Mini- 
mum 
breadth 

of 
ramus 


Angle 
(mcan)§ 


Number 


Mean 
diam- 
eter 
L-f- B 
2 




cm. 


cm. 






cm. 


cm. 


cm. 


cm. 


o 




cm. 


285,316 


5.8 


6.7 


11.5.5 


28.5,316 


3.4 


1.5 




3.7 




2S.5, 301 


3.3 


28.5,301 


5.8 


6.9 


119 


285,303 


3.6 


(H) 


11 


3 


120 


28.5,305 


3.3 


285,306 


5.7 


6.8 


119.3 


285, 305 


3.6 


1.3 


9.5 


3.5 


117 


285, 303 


.3.5 


285,315 


6 


7. 2 


120 


285,313 


3.6 


1.4 


9.5 


3.6 


116 


28.5,306 


:5.5 


285,326 


5. 5 


6.6 


120 


285, 301 


3.7 


1.3 


9.3 


3.6 


116 


285,308 


.3.6 


285,305 


.5.3 


6.4 


120.8 


285,306 


3.8 


1.3 


9.5 


3.5 


117 


285, 326 


3.6 


2a5,30S 


.5.7 


7.0 


122.8 


28.5,326 


3.8 


1.3 


10.6 


3.2 


116 


285,313 


.3.8 


285, 303 


.5.1 


6.6 


129.4 


285,308 
28.5,315 


3.9 
3.9 


1.6 

1.'8 


11.1 
10.9 


3.4 
4.0 


121 
121 


























(8) 


(8) 


(8) 




(9) 


(8) 


(8) 


(9) 


(8) 




(") 


Averages . . 


5.6 


6.8 


120.7 




3.7 


1.5 


10.5 


3.5 


118 




3 5 











285,327 
285,307 
28.5, .301 
285, 302 
285,310 


5. 1 
.5.6 
.5.2 
5.2 
.5.2 


,5.9 
6.6 
6.2 
6.4 
6.6 


11.5.7 
117.9 
119.2 
123.1 
126.9 


28.5,324 
28,5,307 
285,310 
285,321 
285,347 
285,302 
285, 320 
285,309 


3.2 
3.2 
3.4 
.3.5 
lit. 5 
3.7 


1.5 

1.2 

1.6 

1.65 

1.6 

1.5 


9.6 
8.7 
10.3 

9.8 


3.3 

3.5 
3.5 
3.4 
2.8 
3.1 


128 
127 
131 

128 
140 
123 
130 


285, 309 
285,327 
28.5,304 
285,310 
285,302 
2&5,320 
28,5,347 
285,307 


3.1 
3.1 
3.2 
,3.2 
3.3 
3.3 
3.3 
3 4 










































Averages. . 


(5) 
5.25 


6.35 


(5) 
120.5 




(6) 
3.4 


(fi) 
1.5 


9.6 


(6) 
3.2 


130 




(8) 
3 2 











* Arranged on the basis of the Palatal Index. 

** An-anged on the basis of the height at symphysis. 

t The vertical height in median line. 

t Measured with the com.pas glisHhre in such manner that the center of the second molar or of its aveolus 
corresponds to the middle of the rod of the compass between the two branches which are applied to the 
ramus. 

§ Measured with Broca's goniometer. 

H Moderate. 



FORAMEN MAGNUM 



In respect to the foramen magnum, there is so much irregularity 
and so little special significance in the ratio between the two main 
diameters, length and breadth, that the writer prefers to use the 
mean measurement, (i^) , which stands in some relation to stature 
and probably to muscular development, and which may have more 
than passing interest in the study of racial and other groups. The 
average in the Munsee is, as usual, perceptibly higher in the males 



32 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY Fbull. 62 

than in tlie females. It is almost identical in both sexes with that 
of the Indian skeletal remains from the Louisiana mounds (Munsee, 
7 males, 3.5; 8 females, 3.2: Louisiana, 10 males, 3.45; 14 females, 
3.18 cm.), which were nearly alike in stature, but it is slightly superior 
to that of the Indians from Arkansas, who were also of practically 
the same height (Arkansas, 22 males, 3.3; 16 females, 3.14 cm.). 

LOWER JAW 

The measurements of the lower jaw show only moderate dimensions 
throughout. The angle (mean of the two sides, which usually differ 
somewhat in this respect) averages decidedly higher in the females 
(130°), which is not always the case in American crania. Thus 
among the Arkansas and Louisiana mound crania it averaged 118.5° 
in the males, or practically the same as in the Munsee; while it was 
only 122° in the females, or eight points lower than in the Munsee 
of the same sex. 

Detailed Observations on the Crania 

In visual examination of a series of crania or other bones of more 
than passing importance, general impressions are not sufficiently 
accurate or reliable; consequently, the writer habitually makes detailed 
notes of the principal features of each specimen in accordance with a 
definite though simple scheme. Such notes can be tabulated and 
analyzed almost as readily as measurements. 

In choosing the points for observation, the only rule that can be 
formulated is to include everything of consequence, and to cover the 
whole specimen, which is not so easily accomplished as at first might 
seem. Some of the points touched upon in such a procedure will, 
of course, be of much less weight than others, but they serve to com- 
plete the picture and will doubtless be of some interest and value in 
future comparisons; while purely individual characteristics that might 
be included by some authors may be passed entirely. 

The results of the detailed examination of the Munsee crania are as 
follow : 

the vault: forehead 

The conditions found in respect to the frontal region will be clearly 
seen from the accompanying table. As general among Indians, 
this region in the Munsee skulls shows high development only in 
exceptional cases. In the males there is frequently more or less of a 
slope; in the females, where slope is rare, low foreheads prevail. 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



3ULLETIN 62 PLATE 11 




MALE SKULL, NO. 99-6669, A.M.N.H., FROM MANHATTAN ISLAND 
(VIEW FROM ABOVE), SHOWING LONG OVOID OUTLINE 



HHDLifKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 

IX. MUNSEE ORANIA: FRONTAL REGION 



33 





9 males 


11 females 




Cases 


Per cent 


Cases 


Per cent 


Exceptionally fjood dovelopnipnt 






1 
4 
5 

1 


9 


Medium ,. 


5 
1 
3 


56 
11 
33 


36 




45 


Slight to moderately sloping 


9 







SAGITTAL KEGION 

The Yaiili of the skull among Indians is frequently more or less 
arched or keeled, indicating strong development of the temporal 
muscles. This characteristic is of course much more frequent and 
pronomiced in the males than hi the females. The Munsee, it will 
be seen, show no exception m this respect. The elevation of the 
sagittal region is present in nearly all the males, although it is seldom 
pronounced. Among the females nearly half are without sagittal 
elevation, while in the remainder this feature is only slightly de- 
veloped. 

X. MUNSEE CRANIA: SAGITTAL REGION 



Oval or nearly so 

Slightly elevated or keeled 

Moderately keeled 

Markedly keeled 



9 males 



Cases Per cent 



12 females 



Cases Per cent 



TEMPORO-PARIETAL KEGION 

The temporo-parietal region differs in convexity with the type of 
the skull, being usually quite flat in pronounced dilochocephaly and 
decidedly convex in marked bracln-cephaly. Besides this, it is 
also subject to individual and groupal variations. In the series at 
hand, in two-thirds of both the male and the female skulls the region 
is of about mecUum convexity. Among the remainder of the speci- 
mens it is rather interesting to note that while in a third of the 
ctises in the males the region is flat and in no case bulging, these 
conditions are practicaUy reversed in the females. The temporo- 
parietal region of the brain tended evidently to a greater relative 
development in the females of this series than in the males. 

17135°— Bull. 62—16 3 



34 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
XI. MUNSEE CRANIA: TEMPUKOrAKIETAL REGION 



[BULL. C2 





9 males 


12 females 




Cases 


I'er cent 


Cases 


I'er cent 








3 

8 
1 


25 




6 
3 


67 
33 


67 


Rather flat 


8 







OCCIPUT 

When we eliminate all the cases that show any trace of artificial 
flattenmg of the back of the skull, there remain only a few specimens 
for observation. Among these, three-fourths show medium con- 
vexity of the occiput, while in one-fourth the region is protruding. 
There is no difference in this respect in tlie two sexes. The external 
occipital protuberance and the occipital ridges do not show especially 
strong development in any case, and barrmg a single instance of the 
occurrence of an Inca bone, which will be spoken of in another con- 
nection, there are no anomalies of this region to be recorded. 

XII. MUNSEE CRANIA: OCCirUT (IN THE UNDEFORMED) 



Medium prominence 

Protruding 

Slightly as3'mmetric 



4 males 



4 females 



Cases Percent 



75 

25 

(25) 



Cases Per cent 



25 
(25) 



SUTURES : SERRATION 

The serration of the cranial sutures is of interest for the reason 
that m the skulls of whites and m superior skulls generally the knit- 
ting is often, though not invariably, quite complex, while in the major- 
ity of the skulls among the retarded races it is more or less simple and 
may occasionally l)e nearly absent. For the sake of smiplicity in 
recording the nature of the sutures the writer refers to the serration 
as '^medimn," or about as it averages in whites; ''submedium, " 
which is sclf-ex])lanatory; and "poor," or such as approaches a 
simple wavy Ime. Among the Indians the sutures range mostly 
from submedium to more simple, and the Mmisee skulls form no 
exception. As seen from the actual data not one case reaches the 
standard of medium complexity m all the sutures, while m a large 
proportion of the si)ecimons the serration of most, if not all, is de- 
cidedly uiferior. Xo special difference exists in this respect between 
the skulls of different sizes. 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 12 




MALE MUNSEE SKULL, NO. 285,308, U.S.N.M. (FRONT VIEW) 



iiKDLirKA] niVSICAL ANTHKOPOUXiV OF THE LKNAPE 

XIII. MUNSEE CRANIA: SEKHATION OF SUTURES 



35 





7 males 


1 1 females 




Cases 


Per cent 


C-ases 


Per cent 








• 




All sutures of the vault submediuni 


2 
2 

I 


29 
29 
29 
14 


5 
5 
1 


45 




45 




9 


Coronal (luilc simple, sa^ittul and lambdoid nearly medium 









OCCLUSION OF SUTURES 

In none of the specimens at hand can he detected aii}' ])reniatiu'e 
occlusion, though in this resjiect it is im])ossible to be certam as to 
the teni])oro-occij)ital articuhitions. Unfortunately, there is no pos- 
si])Llity of givmg the exact relation of age to the occlusion in any of 
the sutiu'es; all that it is possible to determine is their relative involve- 
ment. The order among the males is S-C-TO-L ; ^ that m the females, 
TO-S-C-L. It is plain that occlusions m the coronal and tem- 
poro-occipital sutures are almost as early and frequent as those in 
the sagittal, while those in the lambdoid are decidedly later. As to 
locahty, the coronal sutm'e occludes first below the temporal ridges; 
in the sagittal the commencement is most frequent, as usual, about 
ol)elion; in the lambdoid it is irregular; whUe in the temi)oro-occipitals 
in the Mmisee it advances generally from the anterior or basal 
extremity of these sutures backward and upward. 

XIV. MUNSEE CRANIA: OCCLUSION OF SUTURES (EXTERNALLY, ALL GRADES) 



Coronal 

Sagittal , . . 

Lambdoid 

Tcmporo-occ ip ital 



9 males 



Cases 



Percent 
of skulls 



12 females 



Cases 



Per cent 
of skulls 



WORMIAN BONES 

The frequency of Wormian bones in any given series of skulls, 
while a factor of no great importance, is always of some interest. 
It is certain that in this respect there is a wide difference even in 
different groups of the same people, such as the Indians. Among 
the Munsee, as already mentioned, we find a remarkable scarcity of 
these ossicles, especially in the males. Not only are the Wormian 



' S=sagittal; C=coronal; rO= temporo-occipital; i=lambdoid. 



36 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



bones scarce in this series, hut they are also invariably small. This 
scarcity may in all probability be regarded as a sign of the absence 
of all disturbances, developmental as well as pathological. 

XV. MUNSEE CRANIA: WORMIAN BONES; BREGMA AND "INCA" BONES 





8 males 12 females 


According to sutures 


8 males 


12 females 


Total number present 


Cases 


c^ent ^^^^ 


Per 
cent 


Cases 


Per 
cent 


Cases 


Per 
cent 


None. 


3 
3 

1 


38 
38 
12 


4 
1 
1 
5 
1 


33 

8 

S 

42 

8 


Coronal 


1 


12 






One. 


Sagittal 






Two . . 


Lambdoid 


4 


50 


6 
6 

2 


50 


More than two . 


Temporo - occipital. . 


50 








Temporo - p a rietal 
(squamo-mastoid 
angle). 


2 


25 


17 


Bregma (fontanel) 


1 


12 




bone. 

















BREGMA AND INCA BONES 

Among the 20 crania in which conditions with respect to these 
facts could be ascertained, there was found one bregma or fontanel 
bone (3x3.1 cm.), and one of the so-called Inca ^ bones (diameter, 
8.3x3.5 cm.). There is nothing especially noteworthy in these 
occurrences, both of which, particularly the Inca bone, are of the 
nature of developmental anomalies. 

Pterions. — Among the 19 Munsee skulls in which the pterions could 
be determined there was no case of temporo-frontal contact. In 
all instances the pterion was of the H type, predominantly narrow 
in the males and predominantly medium to broad in the females. 

XVI. MUN-SEE CRANIA: PTERIONS 



Temporo-frontal contact. 

H type, narrow 

IT type, medium 

II type, broad 



7 males 



Cases Per cent 



12 females 



Cases Per cent 



PARIETAL FORAMINA 



These are represented quite poorly. In almost half the skulls 
there are no paric^tal foramina at all, while in most of the remainder 
they range from very minute to medium size, of which latter there 



' The term is used merely for convenience. 




UJ 

> 

UJ 

9 

CO 



3 

111 
ULl 
CO 

z 

3 



HIiDLI(''KA] 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



37 



is i\ single instance, and in only one case are there two canals of 
medium size. The exact significance of this showdng is not cliuirly 
understood. When present these canals transmit, as is well kno\\^l, 
a small arteriole and an emissary vein which connects the venous 
systems within and without the wall of the skull 

XVII. MITNSEE CRANIA: PARIETAL FORAMINA 





9 males 


12 females 




Cases 


Per cent 


Cases 


Per cent 


None 


3 

3' 
2 
1 


33 
33 
22 
11 




1 
4 


50 


1 or 2 minut p 


j< 


1 medium 


33 


2 medium 




1 medium on right, 2 minute on left 


1 


g 









RfiTROMASTOIT) FORAMINA 

Tlie retromastoid ("mastoid") foramina are most often two in 
number — a larger and a smaller — one of which transmits a vein 
from the trans veree sinus within to the cutaneous occipital vein on 
the outside of the skull wall, and the other a smaller branch of the 
occipital artery. Like the parietal foramina, they show considerable 
individual and groupal variation in both number and size. It is not 
uncommon in some Indian crania to find one of these canals to be 
of very appreciable diameter (up to 4 mm.). While in the Munsee 
skulls they appear almost generally two on each side, they are in no 
instance above moderate size, and in several cases are quite minute. 
Tlius in these specimens the retromastoid foramina stand in har- 
monious rather than compensatory relation with the small or even 
absent parietal foramina. 

XVIII. MT'NSEE CRANIA: RETROMASTOID FORAMINA 





8 males 


12 females 




Cases 


Per cent 


Cases 


Per cent 


2, moderate size, eqeh side 


1 


12 


, 


42 


2, small to minute, each side 


33 


1, moderate size, each side 


a 


2, small to minute, each side 


1 


12 


33 


2, medium, right side; 2 small, left side 


8 











MASTOIDS 



The mastoid ])rocesses are mainly of importance as sexual cliarac- 
teristics. Their value in this resjx'ct, however, diffei-s coiisideraldy 



38 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOOY 



[BDTJ.. 62 



from racial g;i'()n]) to group, and oven within a single st<>ni of people, 
such as the Indians. On the whole, however, it maybe said that in the 
Indian female the mastoid is somewhat more developed than it is in 
the averag(> white woman. Occasionally it is considerably more de- 
veloped, reaching the subaverage or even the average dimensions of 
that of the males in the same tribe. The grade of development of the 
process is of course related to the strength and activity of the sterno- 
cleido-mastoid muscle, to which it gives attachment. Among the 
Mmisee the size of the mastoids on the whole is only moderate; yet 
even in this series they rise in one of the: female skulls to male-like 
proportions. 

XIX. MUNSEE CRANIA: MASTOIDS 





10 males 


12 females 




Cases 


Per cent. 


Cases 


Per cent 


Large (masculine) 


1 

6 
3 


10 
60 
30 






Medium (masculine) . . 


1 
U 


8 


Submedium (feminine) 


92 







In one of the females (no. 285,309) the apex of the left mastoid is 
bifid. Well developed cases of this anomaly are rare; there are only 
tlu-ee or four other Indian crania in the large collections of the 
United States National Museum in which it is well represented. In 
another female specimen (no. 285,304) the right mastoid shows a 
peculiar, marked indentation in the middle of its dorsal surface, with 
a groove extending therefrom upward and backward and down- 
ward and backward. 

SUPRAORBITAL RIDGES 

These ridges, as is well known, are sexual characteristics in the 
main; phylogenetically they are the remains of the pronounced 
supraorbital arches of man's anthropoid ancestors and of early man. 
Like the mastoids they show also considerable individual variation 
in each sex among the Indians, owing to which they occasionally 
fail to afford aid in the determination of the sex of the specimen. 
As a rule they are limited in Indians to the median half to two-thirds 
of the supraorbital space. In the Munsee skuUs at hand they are 
markedly developed m only one of the males; in two of the male 
skulls they are small, feminine like, while in two of the female skuUs 
they are so developed as to approximate the supraorbital ridges of 
the averajje male. 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 14 




MALE MUNSEE SKULL, NO. 285,308, U.S.N. M. (VIEW FROM ABOVE) 



iiuni.KKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 

XX. MUNSEE CRANIA: SUrRAORBTTAL RIDGES 



39 





8 males 


12 females 




Cases 


Per cent. 


Cases 


Per cent 




1 
5 
2 


12 
25 








2 

s 
2 


17 


Small (feminine) 


67 


Yerv small 


17 











NASION DEPRESSION 

The depression at the ridge of the nose is generally ^veU marked 
in male Indian crania, but is mostly shallow in the female specimens. 
The depression is never narrow, like a deep line, as in some of the 
negroes; and in the females it is usually quite wide from above down- 
ward. The skulls of the series under consideration show nothing 
very exceptional in this respect. 

XXI. MUNSEE CRANI.V: NASION DEPRESSION 





7 males 


12 females 




Cases 


Per cent 


Cases 


Per cent 




1 
1 


14 
71 
14 






Medium 


2 
5 
5 


17 


Shallow 


42 


None or scarcely anv 


42 











NASAL BRIDGE 

The development of the nasal bridge differs among the Indians 
more or less from tribe to tribe, hence it would be erroneous to assume 
that all Indians, or even a majority in some of the tribes, had high 
noses. On the other hand, the nasal bridge is never flat and short 
as in the negro. In the females, as among the whites, the bridge is 
generally lower than in the mah^s. The observations on the Munsee, 
among 17 cases in which the britlge is preserved, show 10 of medium 
height and 7 submedium to low. 

XXII. MUNSEE CRANIA: NASAL BRIDGE 



males 



10 female 



Cases 



Per cent 



Cases 



I'er cent 



Medium height 

Submedium hoi>,'ht. 
1 iOW 



40 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[BDLL. 62 



NASAL BONES 

The chief feature of the nasal bones to which the student usually 
directs attention is their breadth. There is on this continent a fre- 
quency of especially narrow nasals among the Eskimo. Among the 
Indians, narrow nasal bones occur only exceptionally; more com- 
monly they are rather broad, though the breadth is not excessive. 
In the present series we find them fairly broad in all the males and 
in two of the females; narrow (not excessively) in only two of the 
females. 

XXni. MUNSEE CRANIA: NASAL BONES 





7 males 


12 females 




Cases 


Per cent 


Cases 


Per cent 


Broad 


7 


100 


2 

8 
2 


17 


Medium 


67 


Narrow 






17 











NASAL APERTURE 

The features of chief interest with respect to the nasal aperture are 
the fulness or sharpness of the inferior borders, the presence or 
absence of subnasal fossae or simian gutters, and pronounced asym- 
metry. Among the 19 Munsee skulls in which these features can 
be studied, there are only one instance of moderate grooves and 
three cases of moderate asymmetry. The lower borders are fairly 
sharp, more so than the average in many other Indians. 

XXIV. MUNSEE CRANIA: LOWER BORDERS OF NASAL APERTURE 





7 males 


12 females 




Cases 


Per cent 


Cases 


Per cent 


Normal, fairlv sharp. . . . 


4 


57 


11 


92 


Dull 




Asymmetric 


2 

1 


29 
14 


1 


8 


Simian grooves 











NASAL SPINE 



On the whole the nasal spine reaches its most pronounced develop- 
ment, especially in height, in the modern whites. It is rudimentary 
or absent in the anthropoid apes, and seldom reaches marked devel- 
opment in the yellow-brown and black races. Among Indians it 
ranges from rudimentary or very low to fairly well developed. In 
the Munsee, as shown by the accompanying figures, it was mostly 
very low to submedium. 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 17 




J 



LARGE MALE SKULL, NO- 2010-4423 A M^rjLH fj'°,"„^"*'^^*'^^*" 

ISLAND, SHOWING FINE ELLIPTICAL UU l I-Unc 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 15 




UNDEFORMED TYPICAL FEMALE MUNSEE SKULL, NO. 285,309, U.S.N.M. 
(VIEW FROM ABOVE) 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 16 




MALE MUNSEE SKULL, NO. 285,306, U.S.N.M., SHOWING FINE OVOID 

OUTLINE 



HRDLifKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 

XXV. MUNSEK CRANLV: NASAL SPINE 



41 





7 males 


11 females 




Cases 


Per cent 


Cases 


Per cent 




1 
i 
2 


14 
57 
29 


3 
6 
2 


27 


Submedium 


55 


Very low 


IS 







ORBITS 

In the majority of skulls iindor consideration, the orbits offer noth- 
ing special morphologically; in a number of instances, however, 
there is an exceptional confonnation, the details of which are shown 
in the table which follows. The data accentuate the fact, already 
shown by the measurements, of the considerable range of fluctuation 
in these features, which, however, seems in this case to have little 
if any anthropological significance, although it may be due in part to 
admixture with other people. 

XXVI. MUNSEE CRANIA: ORBITS 



No special features 

Lateral axis of each nearly horizontal. . . 
Lateral axis of each decidedly oblique. . 

Strikingly large 

Strikingly small 

Exceptionally high 

Exceptionally low 

Right lower and more oblique than left. 



' males 



Cases Per cent 



12 females 



(^ases Per cent 



SUBORBITAL P^OSS/E 

These depressions in the upper maxilla^, which, strictly speaking, 
have only indirect relation to the canine teeth and do not deserve 
the old name of "canine fossae," are generally less well marked or 
hollowed out in the Indian than in whites, although there is consider- 
able individual variation. In the Munsee, in more than haU' the 
skulls, they are shallow to very shallow. 

XXVII. MUNSEE CRANIA: SUBORBITAL (CANINE) FOSS^ 





7 males 


12 females 




Cases 


Per cent 


Cases 


Per cent 


Deeply hollowed 










Medium 


3 

1 


■13 
43 
14 


6 
6 


50 


Shallow 


50 


Only a trace of depression 











42 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



These fossfe arc of evolutionary significance. In the anthropoid 
apes they are either entirely wanting or very nearly so, the region 
being in fact often moderately convex; and the same is true, so far 
as the evidence is available, of early man to the latter part of the 
Neanderthal period. 

MALAR BONES. ZYGOMA 

The malai"s among the Munsee are of moderate development 
throughout, and none of the bones shows any complete or even appre- 
ciable partial division or other anomaly. The zygomatic processes 
are rather su})medium in strength as compared with those of other 
Indians, particularly m the males. 

In one of the male skulls (no. 285,313) the right zygoma is repre- 
sented only by a pointed but otherwise unaltered base, the rest of 
the bone, up to the malar suture, bemg absent. In all ]:)robal)ility 
this condition is the result of an old fractm*e, after wliich the larger 
part of the zygoma was lost or remamed separated. 

XXVIII. MUNSEE CRANIA: THE MALARS; ZYGOMA 





9 males 


11 females 


ZVGOM.E 


7 males 


11 females 


MALARS 


Cases 


Per 
cent 


Cases 


Per 
cent 


Cases 


Per 
cent 


Cases 


Per 
cent 


Heavy or protrud- 










Very broad 










ing. 

Medium develop- 
ment. 

Submedium de- 


9 


100 


10 

1 


91 
9 


Medium 


3 
4 


4:3 
57 


10 

1 


91 


Submedium (for 
the sex and 

race). 


9 


velopment. 









UPPER ALVEOLAR ARCH 

The main featm'e for observation of the upper dental arch is its 
slant or prognathism, and conditions in this respect have already- 
been shown in the main by the measurements. The inspection con- 
firms the fact that in three of the female skulls the arch must be 
described as markedly slantmg. In two cases, in both of which the 
vault of the skull is artificially deformed, the arch is asymmetric; in 
one of these, however, the asj^mmetry is evidently due to early loss 
of some of the teeth. In no case is there any special massiveness of 
the arch. 

XXIX. MUNSEE CRANIA: UPPER ALVEOLAR ARCH 





8 males 


11 females 




Cases 


Per cent 


Cases 


Per cent 


Medium slant 


s 


100 


s 
:i 
1 


7.3 


Marked slant 


27 


Asymmetric 


1 


(12) 


(9) 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



3ULLETIN 62 PLATE 1! 




ADULT MALE SKULL FROM MANHATTAN ISLAND, NO. 99-6667, A.M.N.H., 
SHOWING AN EXCEPTIONALLY HIGH AND NARROW FACE 



HRDLI(''KA I 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



43 



LOWER JAW 

In 17 oi the 20 Miinsee skulls in which the lower jaw is present, tlie 
latter is of ordinar}^ (Indian) dimensions and form; in one male and 
in one female it shows strong development. In a single mstance 
only is the chm square; in the others it is moderately rounded. The 
prommence of the chin in aU cases may be described as approximately 
mediunu 



XXX. MUNSEE CRANIA: LOWER JAW 





'J males 


11 females 




Cases 


I'er cent 


Cases 


Per cent 


Ordinary Indian funii and niddoraf e development 

Square ohin 


1 

1 


7x 

n 
11 


1(1 


91 


Jaw very strong 


1 


9 



PALATE 

The shape of the palate is determined by that of the upper dental 
arch. Of the skidls at hand, in 1 1 of the 22 cases the outlines of both 
the arch and the palate are elliptic, in 7 ovoid, and in 4 parabolic. 
The tendency toward the parabolic form is more marked ui the 
fem,ales than m the males. The height of the palate shows nothmg 
exceptional, and there is no torus worthy of notice. 

XXXI. MUNSEE CRANIA: PALATE 





10 males 


12 females 




Cases 


Per cent 


Cases 


Per cent 


Ovold . . 


3 

6 
1 


:!0 
GO 
10 


4 
5 
3 


33 


Elliptic 


42 


Parabolic 


25 


Torus 













BASE OF THE SKULL 

Glenoid fossse. — In general the glenoid fossae of the Indian skulls 
resemble those among the whites, but there is considerable mdividual 
variation, particularly in spaciousness of the hollows. Among tlic 
22 Munsee crania, in 14 the fossa; are of ordinary form and of a])()ut 
medium dimensions; in one they are narrow antero-posteriorly, in 
4 wide; in 1 case their axis is decidedly ol)li(|ue, and in 2 the fossae 
differ in depth on tlie two sides. The wide fossa3 are more fre(j[uent 
in the females. 



44 



BUREAU OF AMEEICAN ETHNOLOGY 
XXXII. MUNSEE CRANIA: GLENOID FOSS^ 



[bull. 62 



Ordinary form and dimensions. 

Narrow (antero-posteriorly) 

Wide (antero-posteriorly) 

Decidedly oblique (laterally). . . 
Left shallow, right medium 



10 males 



Cases Per cent 



Cases Per cent 



2.5 

- 8 

17 



Floor of auditory meatus. — Among the Indians, and particularly 
in the young, there are frequently found more or less pronounced 
defects or deliiscences (Hyrtl) in the floor of the auditory meatus. 
The frequency of these defects differs from locality to locality and 
probably from tribe to tribe. They are rather scarce in the Munsee, 
two-thirds of the crania showing no defect whatever, while of the 
remainder in only one instance was the perforation large. There 
seems to be a predominance of this condition in the females. 

XXXIII. MUNSEE CRANIA: DEFECTS IN FLOOR OF AUDITORY MEATUS 



None 

Slight, each side 

Moderate, each side . 
Large, each side 



Cases Per cent 



Cases Per cent 



Styloid processes. — Among the Indians the styloid processes seldom 
reach good development, although there is some difference in this 
respect among the tribes. In a great majority of Indian crania the 
styloid processes are more or less diminutive, and not seldom they are 
quite rudimentary or even absent, in the latter case usually only 
small bases being discernible. In the Munsee only four of the twenty- 
two skulls show styloids which approach the medium or average in 
whites; in seven the processes are decidedly submedium; and in 
eleven they are rudimentary. 

XXXIV. MUNSEE CRANIA: STYLOID PROCESSES 



Cases Per cent 



Cases Per cent 



Medium (about average in whites) 

Submedium 

Rudimentary 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 19 




BRACHYCEPHALIC EXTRANEOUS FEMALE SKULL, NO. 285,311, U.S.N. M. 
(VIEW FROM ABOVE), FOUND WITH THE MUNSEE INDIANS 



hrdliCka] 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



45 



Middle lacerated foramina. Posterior lacerated foramina. — As 
repeatedly pointed out by the writer on former occasions, the middle 
lacerated foramina are structures of some importance. They are 
very small in the anthropoid apes, generally small in negro skulls, 
submedium to medium in the yellow-brown races and in loss devel- 
op(^d whites, and reach their maximum spaciousness in civilized 
modern whit(^ men. These differences are connected with the increase 
in the size of the brain. A growing brain not accompanied with a 
proportionate or equally rapid increase in the bony structures of the 
base of the skull (which seems to be most frequently the case) will 
cause a spreading and bulging of the basal parts, one result of which 
will be the increased size of th(^ middle lacerated foramina. In the 
Munsee, in only two of the nineteen skulls in which the basal 
region is sufficiently well preserved for examination, the foramina 
about equal in size the average in whites ; in nearly half of the remain- 
ing skulls they are submedium, and in slightly more than half they 
are small. 



XXXV. MUNSEE CRANLV: MIDDLE LACERATED FORAMINA; POSTERIOR LACERATED 

FORAMINA 





7 males 


12 females 




7 males 


12 females 




Cases 


Per 
cent 


Cases 


Per 
cent 


Cases 


Per 
cent 


Cases 


Per 
cent 


Medium (about as av- 
erage in whitas) 


1 

5 

1 


U 
71 
H 


1 
3 

8 


8 
25 
67 


Of equal size 


1 
5 
1 


11 
71 

14 


1 
8 
3 


8 
67 




25 


Small 











The posterior lacerated or jugular foramina are of interest chiefly 
because of their frequent and often marked inequality in size, which 
signifies inequality in the size of the lateral sinuses and especially 
of the internal jugular veins. The right foramen is frequently 
larger than the left, a phenomenon which has beeii associated with 
the prevailing right-handedness in man. In the ninete(Mi Munsee 
skulls in which the foramina could be examined, they are of about 
equal size in only two instances; the right is larger in thirteen, or in 
two-thirds of the cases, while the left is the larger in oiffy four in- 
stances. As the proportion of left-handed persons among the Indians 
averages only about tliree per cent, it is evident that in some 
instances the relation between a larger jugular canal and habitual 
great(^r use of the arm of the same side would not maintain; besides, 
we know the motor centers for the right arm and hand to b(>. on the 
left side of the brain. Possi})ly greater blood pressure on the right 
side in right-handed persons, due directly and mechanically to the 



46 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull, f.2 



greater muscular activity on that sitlc^, would be a more satisfactory 
explanation. 

Depressions of the pefro}(s jwrfions. — In examining the petrous parts 
in the usual way, with the skull turned base upward, it is ol)served 
that in modern men of all races, in the majority of cases, these parts 
are more or less depressed below the niveau of the surrounduig parts. 
In reality, of course, the surrounding parts have been pressed out- 
ward by the developing brain, wliile the prismatic and resistant pet- 
rous parts remained behind. The grade of depression of the petrous 
parts stands generally in close correlation with the size of the middle 
lacerated foramina and is of parallel significance.^ Among the anthro- 
poid apes even a slight depression of the petrous portions is very rare, 
and most frequently, especially in the orang, these portions rise 
slightly above the surrounding structures. In the African negro, and 
occasionally in individual skulls of other inferior races, they are level 
with the surrounding parts. In better developed negro skulls, as in 
the majority of those of other primitive peoples, they are slightly to 
moderately depressed. In white men, and in superior skulls in gen- 
eral, the depression is frequently pronounced, especially, it seems, in 
the brachycephals. The Indian stands in a practically intermediate 
position between superior whites and the negroes, and the Munsee 
are no exception. In two of the skuUs the depression is well marked; 
in three males and seven females it is less than the average in whites; 
and in two males and five females it is only slight. The females, it 
will be noted, make a poorer showing in this respect than the males. 

XXXVI. MUNSEE CRANIA: DEPRESSION OF PETROUS PORTIONS 





7 males 


12 females 




Cases 


Per cent 


Cases 


Per cent 


Medium (about as average in whites) 


2 
3 
2 


29 
43 
29 






Siihmp.dinm. . . 


7 
5 


58 


None or almost none 


42 







Pterygo-hasal foramina. Posterior condylic foramina. — Interesting 
features of the base of the skull, to which Gruber and (in this country) 
Harrison Allen have called attention, are the foramina found occasion- 
ally at the base (or proximal part) of the external pterygoid plates. 
These foramina are seldom complete. They may be single, double, 
or even triple. They are formed by a process or by processes of 
bone which proceed upward and backward, and in some cases more 
or less outward, from the border of the external pterygoid plate. 
According to the insertion of these processes, the foramina to which 

1 See Hrdlidka, Certain Racial Characteristics of the Base of the Skull, Science, 1901, p. 309; Proc. Assoc. 
Amer. Anatomists, loth Sess., in Atncr. Jour, of Anatomy, i, 1901-2, pp. 508-9. 



lllilH.lrKAj 



PHYSICAL ANTHROrOLOCV OF THE LENAPE 



47 



tlicy give rise can be divided into two classes, namely, the more 
frequent pteiygo-spinous and the rarer pterygo-sphenoidal. 

Their significance is not yet so clearly understood as is desirable. 
They are of some antlii'opological interest and occur quite frequently 
among Indians, especially in certain locaUties. Among the Munsee 
they were rather scarce, particularly in the females. 

XXXVn. MUNSEE CRANIA: PTERYGO-BASAL FORAMINA; POSTERIOR CONDYLIC 

FORAMINA 





7 males 


12 females 




5 males 


12 females 




Cases 


Per 
cent 


Cases 


Per 
cent 


( 'ases 


Per 
cent 


Cases 


Per 
cent 


None or only a trace.. 
Ptcrvf,'o-spinous com- 


3 

1 

1 
1 

1 


43 

14 

14 
14 

14 


11 


92 


Two, normal 

I-eft absent 


3 
1 

1 


fiO 
20 


12 


100 


plete on left, four- 
fifths on right 


Right, diminutive . . . 






I'tervgo-spmous in- 


1 


8 




complete, both sides 
Incomplete pterygo- 
sphenoidal, left side. 






Complete pterygo- 
sphenoidal on left 
(absent on right) . . . 

















Posterior condylic foramina. — These are canals which transmit the 
posterior condylic vein and are of interest only because of their more 
or less frequent absence from one or both sides in different racial 
groups. In the Munsee they are exceptionally normal, as will be 
seen from the preceding figures. 

MISCELLANEOUS ANOMALIES 

In addition to the peculiarities shown in the preceding para- 
graphs, the Munsee skuUs present a number of anomalous condi- 
tions which desei^e to be mentioned. 

In male skull no. 285,306 the right occipital condyle is flat, the 
left being nonnal; there was no injury or arthi'itis. 

In male skuU no. 285,326 there is an accessory facet posteriorly to 
the l(>ft condyle. 

hi female skull no. 285,311 there are two moderate pivcondylar 
tubercles. 

In mtJe skuU no. 285,313 and female skull no. 285,312 there is a 
moderate medio-basilar ("pharyngeal") fossa. 

In female skull no. 285,320 the carotid canals in the ])etrous parts 
arc usually large, measuring 7 mm. in major diameter. 

In female skull no. 285,311 a canal, 6 by 4.5 mm., is present just 
posteriorly to the right angular process, in the frontal bone and the 
spheno-frontal suture. 



48 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 

Finally, there is a series of anomalies relating to the spinous and 
oval foramina. They are as follows: 

Male skull no. 285,303: The median wall of the left foramina 
spinosum and ovale is deficient. 

Female skull no. 285,310: Median wall of right spinous foramen 
deficient. 

Female skull no. 285,347: Median wall of left sphious foramen 
deficient. 

Female skull no. 285,320: Median wall of each sphious foramen 
deficient. 

Female skull no. 285,323: Right foramina sphiosuni and ovale 
connected, and the median wall of both deficient. 

Female skull no. 285,311: The left foramen ovale is unusually 
large, 8.5 by 4.5 mm., while the right is enormous, 10 by 8 nnn. 
(pi. 21). 

The Teeth 

Dentition. — Of the 22 skulls of Munsee adults at hand it is possible 
to ascertain the state of dentition in 14. In 11 of these cases there 
were 32 teeth in each, while in three there were 31. The congenital 
deficiency consisted in one case of the third left upper molar; in the 
second, the third left upper molar is completely absent, while the 
right corresponding tooth is rudimentary; and in the third there is a 
congenital absence of the left lower lateral incisor, while on the right 
side we find the very rare condition of a complete fusion of the lower 
lateral incisor and the canine (pi. 22). 

Loss and decay. — Teeth lost through caries and the presence of 
decay are common in this series, more so than in other Indian groups. 
Among the males, 13 per cent of all the teeth were lost in life, while 
12 per cent of those still present show more or less decay; among the 
females 21 per cent were lost in life and 16 per cent of those present 
show caries — this notwithstanding the fact that the average age of 
the female skulls was less than that of the males. The teeth lost or 
affected were mostly the molars, especially those in the lower jaw. 

Wear. — In every instance the remaining teeth show more or less 
pronounced effects of wear. Where the wear is advanced, it is 
generally also irregular. The detailed notes show that the wear is 
slight in eight, moderate in five, and advanced in nine of the 22 
specimens. 

Size, quality, sJiovel-shaped incisors. — In size the Munsee teeth in 
all cases are medium. Where not decayed or worn ofi^ they show 
invariably regular and normal development. The upper incisors 
present in every case the cingulimi which gives their lingual surface a 
more or less pronounced shovel-shaped character, common to and 
characteristic of all Indians, with rare individual exceptions. 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 21 




BASE OF FEMALE SKULL NO. 285,311, U.S.N.M. (BRAGHYCE- 
PHALIC EXTRANEOUS\ FOUND AMONG THE MUNSEE BURIALS, 
SHOWING EXCESSIVE SIZE OF THE FORAMINA OVALE, ESPE- 
CIALLY ON THE RIGHT SIDE 



HEDLlC'KA] 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



49 



Anomalies. — The anomalies of the teeth are always of considerable 
interest, being mainly either reversive or degenerative (progressively) 
in character. The skulls observed indicate the following conditions : 

Male no. 285,301 : A small supernumerary tooth between and on 
the labial side of the left lower second and third molars. The lateral 
upper incisors in this skull arc somewhat abnormal lingually, their 
surface appearing as if rolled together from side to side, so that the 
tooth is cylindrical in form and its shovel-like hollow has become 
almost a cavity. 

In male no. 285,303 : The third right upper molar is diminutive. 

In male no. 285,305: The third lower right molar is impacted, its 
vertical axis tending foi*w"ard and upward. 

In male no. 285,326: The third right upper molar is diminutive. 

In female no. 285,305 is present the aforementioned fusion of the 
right lower lateral incisor and canine. The resultant tooth :ippears 
like a broad stout incisor (pi. 22). 

In female no. 285,310: The crown of the right lower third molar 
is unusually large (13.5 mm. long by 12 mm. broad) and looks like 
that of a fused double tooth, but both first and second molars are 
present. The opposite tooth is also larger than ordinary, but the 
upper con'esponding teeth are normal. 

Finally, in no. 285,311 the third right upper molar is rudimentary. 

Cuspids. — Many of the molars present were so worn that a deter- 
mination of their cuspid formula? was impossible. The better pre- 
served teeth showed the interesting conditions detailed in the fol- 
lowing table: 



XXXVIII. MUNSEE CRANIA: MOLARS; CUSPIDARY FORMULA 
Upper Molars 

MALES 



First molar 


Seeond molar 


Third molar 


Number of 
Cusps teeth 

examined 


Per cent 


Cusps 


Number of 

teetli 
examined 


Per cent 


Cusps 


Number of 

teeth 
examined 


Per cent 


4 


15 


100 


4 
*3 1/2 
•3 
2 3/2 


4 

1 
1 


30 
54 

8 
8 


3 2/2 

2 2/2 

2 1/2 

t Pursed 


1 
3 

1 
4 


11 

33 
11 
44 



* l/2=one small cusp; 2/2= two small (or half) cusps, etc. 

t Appearing like the mouth of a tightly drawn tobacco-pouch or purse. 

17135°— BuU. 62—16 4 



50 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



XXXVIII. MUNSEE CRANIA: MOLARS; CUSPIDARY FORMULA— Continued 
Upper Molars— Continued 

FEMALES 



First molar 


Second molar 


Third molar 


Cusps 


Number of 

teeth 
examined 


Per cent 


Cusps 


Number of 

teeth 
examined 


Per cent 


Cusps 


Number of 

teeth 
examined 


Per cent 


4 


14 


100 


3 1/2 


13 


100 


3 

2 3/2 

2 2/2 

Pursed 


2 

1 
1 
9 


15 

8 
8 
69 



Lower Molars 

MALES 



4 1/2 
4 



5 

4 2/2 



4 1/2 
4 



Pursed 



It will be observed that the 29 first upper molars have all four 
regular cusps, while all the first lower molars have five. The second 
upper molai*s vary in the males, but show all tliree ordmary and one 
small cusp (the posterior lingual) in the females. The wisdom teeth 
fluctuate considerably in both sexes, both as to size and to form. 

Summary of Measuhements and Observations on the Crania 

A summary of the results of the examination and measurements 
of the Munsee skulls includes the following points of interest: 

A number of the specimens show traces of intentional froiito- 
occipital deformation, which is completely absent among other 
Indian tribes of the northeastern and Middle Atlantic States; and 
several of the skulls are of distinctly extraneous type. Both of these 
conditions point to admixture, which in all probabihty came from 
the southwestward and may have been due to Shawnee influence 
during the last few decades of the occupancy by the Munsee of the 
upper Delaware. 

The crania that can be safely accepted as belonging to the Munsee 
themselves, and which are not deformed, are characterized by mod- 
erate dolichocephaly to mesocephaly and a high vault. They are 
not thick-walled and show fair capacity. 



HRDLR'KA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 51 

The face is of moderate dimensions and lacks prognathism. The 
facial index ranges from mild chamoeprosopy to mild leptoprosopy. 

The orhits are very variable, but the majority are mesoseme. 

The nose is rather short, ))ut fairly broad; the average index is 
mesorhinic. 

The palate is of only moderate length, bnt fairly broad; its index 
m both sexes is brachyuranic. 

The lower jaw is of moderate dimensions throughout. 

The teeth are medium in size. 

Descriptive features. — The forehead is chiefly of medium develop- 
ment in the males, in the females frequently somewhat low. 

The sagittal region shows more or less arching, in no case extreme; 
the temporo-parietal region and the occiput present mostly medium 
forms. 

Serration of cranial sutures is submedium to very submedium. 
Wormian and other intercalated bones are scarce. The order of 
occlusion of sutures among the males was S-C-TO-L; among the 
females TO-S-C-L (see page 35). 

The pterions are all of the H type, with tendency to narrow in 
males, medium to broad in females. 

Parietal foramina are few in number and small, retromastoid fora- 
muia moderate to small. 

The mastoid processes and the supraorbital ridges present ordi- 
nary development and variation; no excess. 

The nasion depression is well marked in the males, mostly shallow 
in the females; nasal bridge is medium to submedium, nasal bones 
of fair breadth; lower bordere of the nasal aperture are mostly 
fairly sharp, and with one exception there are no simian grooves or 
subnasal fossae; nasal spine ranges from very low to submedium. 

The orbits show exceptional variation ui form, as they do m meas- 
urements; suborbital (canine) fossae are shallow to medium; malar 
bones are of but moderate development, without anomalies; zygomse 
average somewhat submedimn as compared with those of other 
Indians. 

The upper alveolar arch is mostly of very moderate slant and free 
from abnormahties. The lower jaw is of ordmary form, without 
anomahes. The palate in half the cases is elhptio, in two-thirds of 
the remauider ovoid, and in one-third parabolic; it is in no case 
exceptionally low or very high, ajid there is no torus. 

Base. — The glenoid fossae in a majority of the crania show usual 
form and medium dimensions, but tend to wideness in a number of 
the females; deliiscences in the floor of the auditory meatus arc, 
for Indians, scarce. 

Tlie styloid processes reach medium development in l)ut few 
instances, and they are frequently rudimentary. 



52 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 

The middle lacerated foramina are mostly submedium to smaU; 
depression of petrous portions prevalently submedium to slight. 
The posterior lacerated or jugular foramina are, as usual, in a 
majority of the cases larger on the right side. Pterygo-basal foramina 
are scarce. 

Anomalies observed on the skulls pertain mostly to the basal 
structures, particularly the condyles and the sphenoidal foramina. 

Teeth. — Dentition was remarkably regular, but decay and loss of 
teeth in life were relatively more frequent than in other Indians; 
upper incisors, especially the middle, are shovel-shaped lingually, as 
usual in Indians. More or less wear of the teeth in the adults is 
present in every instance. Dental anomalies, while few m number, 
comprise a case of special interest: a perfect fusion of canine and 
incisor. . 

THE BONES 

By reason of the care with which the bones were collected from the 
Minisink cemetery, those of the different adult skeletons were kept 
apart as found and are thus perfectly identifiable as to individuals. 
Excluding those of adolescents and children, there are present the 
bones of 32 adult skeletons, and in the majority of cases these are 
almost complete. Of these 32 individuals, 17 were male and 15 
female, thus affording a fair series for comparison. 

llie Ijones in general are practically normal and almost free from 
important anomalies. They indicate people of medium to somewhat 
above medium statiu*e, and of good though not excessive muscular 
development. In their morphological features they approximate in 
many respects the bones of whites, yet differ in numerous interesting 
particulars. 

Although a number of the subjects represented by the skeletal 
remains were old people, there is an absence of light bones or of 
other evidences of senility. The proportion of such bones in modern 
whites is in fact much larger than among any of the Indians, either 
prehistoric or modern, a fact of considerable physiological importance. 

Humerus 

general observations 

There are present 46 adult humeri, mostly perfect and almost all 
paired. The prmcipal measm-ements of these are given in the follow- 
ing table : 



hrdlickaJ 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



53 



XXXLX. MUNSKK: HUMERI 
MALES 



Right 


Left 


Number of adult 
humeri 


Length, 
maxi- 
mum 


Diameters at 
middle* 


Index 
of shaft 
(bXlOO) 


Number of adult 
humeri 


Length, 
maxi- 
mum 


Diameters at 
middle* 


Index 
of shaft 




Major 
(a) 


Minor 
(6) 


Major 

(a) 


Minor 

(6) 


(bXlOO) 




a 


a 


Average: 

Paired (13)... 

Total present 

(14) 


cm. 
32.5 

32.5 
31.1 
34.4 


cm. 
2.24 

2.25 

1.9 

2.6 


cm. 
1.65 

L65 

1.5 

1.S.5 


73.6 
73.4 

65.2 

81. 6 


Average: 

Paired (13) . . 
Total pre- 
sent (13) . . . 
Minimum: 

Total pre- 
sent (13)... 
Maximum: 

Total pre- 
sent (13)... 


cm. 
32.6 

32. 6 
31.- 
34.7 


cm. 
2.2 

2.2 

1.85 

2.55 


cm. 
L64 

L64 

1.4 

1.95 


74.6 

74.6 


Minimum: 

Total present 
(14) 


65. 2 


Maximum: 

Total present 
(14) 


81.4 







Average: 

Paired (12)... 
Total present 

(15) 

Minimum: 

Total present 

(15) 

Maximum: 

Total present 
(15) 



30.6 


2.09 


1.43 


68.4 


30.7 


2.08 


1.41 


67.7 


2.S. 5 


1.9 


1.2 


01.9 


32.3 


2.3 


1.7 


77.3 



Average: 

Paired (12) . . 
Total pre- 
sent (12)... 
Minimum: 

Total pre- 
sent (12)... 
Maximum: 

Total pre- 
sent (12) ... 



30.2 


2.01 


L4 


30.2 


2.01 


1.4 


28.5 


1. 75 


1.25 


31.9 


2.2 


1.7 



69.8 

09. 8 

03.6 



* Diameter major= parallel to the flat anterior surface; diameter minor=at a right angle to the pre- 
ceding. 

Tlie averages are in no way exceptional. Reference to the writer's 
report on the Indian skeletal remains from Ai'kansas and Louisiana^ 
will show that the hmneri of that collection had practically the same 
dimensions. 

Tlie relation of the average of paired female humeri to that of 
paired male himieri is as 94.2 to 100, which is somewhat higher than 
existed among the Arkansas and Louisiana Indians (91.34 for 86 
humeri), among Indians in general (91.2 for 602 humeri), and also 
among whites (91.8 for 2,700 humeri), l)ut is lower than in the 
iVmerican negro (94.6 for 164 h<mieri). As no error in the sexual 
identification entered into the present series, the disparity h(^re sliown 
is difficult to explam, except perhaps by the result of some peculiar 
local o('(;u])ational differences in the two sexes or a local hereditary 
multiplication of an individual peculiarity. 



1 Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Fhila., xiv, 1909, pp. 2U-212. 



54 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[BOLL. 62 



The right and left humeri are of practically the same length in the 
males, while in the females the average of the left hones is slightly 
inferior to tiiat of the right, as is usual in most Indian tribes and also 
among the white and other races. The equal length of the arm bones 
in the males mdicates probably a lack of speciaUzed occupation. 

The dimensions of the shaft of the humerus at the middle and their 
percental relation or index are interesting ui several respects, as 
shown by the foUowmg data: 



XL. COMPARISON IN 


DIMENSIONS OF MUNSEE WITH OTHER RACIAL HUMERI 




Males 


Females 




Whites 


American 
negroes 


Munsee 


Other 
Indians 


Whites 


American 
negroes 


Munsee 


Other 
Indians 


Number of humeri (both 


(1,930) 


(112) 


(20) 


(348) 


(770) 


(52) 


(24) 


(254) 




Length, cm 


32.53 


32.7 


32. 56 


3L67 


29. s 


30.9 


30.4 


28 9 






Mean diameter of shaft at 


2.02 


2.09 


1.93 


L9I 


1.83 


1.89 


1.78 


1 69 






Index of shaft 


83 


84.1 


74.1 


73.1 


79.3 


79.2 


69.1 


70.3 







In the first place it will be seen that although the Munsee arm 
bones are practically of the same average length as those of the 
miscellaneous American whites, their strength in both sexes, and 
especially in the males, is greater in the whites. It will further be 
noted that the disproportion is especially pronounced in the thickness 
of the bone, the humerus of whites, both male and female, being the 
stouter, as a result of which the shaft index is decidedly higher in the 
whites than in the Indians — the Munsee humerus, in other words, is 
more platybrachic. Much the same distmction exists between the 
Munsee humeri and those of the American negro ; while on the other 
hand it will be noted that m this respect there is close harmony 
between the Munsee and other Indians. 

Referring again to the table on page 53, and contrasting the bones 
of the two sides, it will be observed that the left humerus in both 
sexes is on the average weaker, though the difference is quite smaU; 
also that the shaft index in both sexes is larger on the left side. 
Exactly the same conditions have been observed by the writer on 
the several series of arm bones of whites and negroes, and also on 
other Indians, as are presented in preceding tables, which fact shows 
that we are dealmg with no accidental phenomena. The difference 
m the index between the two sides is due exclusively to the relatively 
greater breadth (i. e., the antero-posterior diameter) of the right 
bone, the thickness of the humerus being very nearly the same on 
the two sides of the body. 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



5ULLETIN 62 PLATE 23 




SUPRACONDYLOID PROCESS IN A FEMUR, AND A SPURIOUS SUPRA- 
CONDYLOID FORAMEN IN A HUMERUS OF THE MUNSEE 



IIRDLIrKAl 



PHYSICAL ANTHEOPOT.OGY OF THE LENAPE 



55 



DETAILED OBSERVATIONS 

Sliaye of the shaft. — A number of years ago the writer ^ called 
attention to the fact that in transverse sections at the middle the 
long-bones show each a considerable variety in the shape of the shaft, 
and that these varieties can be reduced for each bone to several dis- 
tbict types of both functional and racial significance. As to the 
liumeri, the most frequent shapes are the p. c, plano-convex or hifan- 
tile form; type 1, or ordinary prismatic; type 2, lateral prismatic; 
and type 4, in which the anterior border is broadened out to a dis- 
tuict fourth surface. 

Among the Munsee the occurrence of shapes was as follows: 

XLI. MUNSEE HUMERI: SHAPE OF SHAFT 





Male 


Female 


Type 


Right 


Left 


Right 


T>eft 




S)ipci- 
mens 


Per 

cent 


Speci- 
mens 


Per 
cent 


Speci- 
mens 


Per 
cent 


Speci- 
mens 


Per 
cent 


pc — plano-convex 


3 
6 
1 
2 
2 


21 
43 

14 
14 


2 
(> 
2 

3 


15 
46 
15 

23 


2 

9 

2 

2 


13.3 
01) 

13.3 
13.3 


3 

5 

3 
2 


23 


1— ordinary prismatic or near 
2 — lateral prismatic 


39 


4 — quadrilateral 

Various intermediate 


23 
15 



The most frequent shape is the ordinary prismatic; the next in 
frequency is the plano-convex; the lateral prismatic is the least com- 
mon. The significance of these conditions must be left for future 
consideration, when our data, especially on the American Indians, 
are more extensive. 

Perforation of the septum. — The septum between the olecranon and 
coronoid fossae in Indians often shows a smaller or & larger perfo- 
ration. The frequency of this developmental anomaly or condition 
differs from tribe to tribe, and it diffei-s also between the sexes, being 
as a rule more common in females. In the Munsee male humeri only 
six instances of such perforation exist, three in right and three in 
left bones, the total amounting to 22 per cent of the bones. In only 
one instance is the opening large; in three it is medium; in one 
small, and in one of pin-point size. In the 29 female humeri which 
could be examined for this feature the conditions are quite different, 
the perforation being present in no fewer than 17 cases, or nearly 59 
per cent of the bones. Eight of the 17 are right (47 per cent), nine 
left (53 per cent). As to size of the perforation, one is pin-point, 
eight small, and eight medium; none is large. 



' HrdliSka, Typical Forms of Shaft of Long Bones, Proceedings of the Association of American Anatomists, 
14th Sess., Dec. 1900, pp. 55-60, figs. 1-2, Washington, 1901. 



56 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 

Sapra condyloid process. — Tliis process, which in a more or less rudi- 
mentary form, and especially in the form of a ridge, is not rare in 
whites, is very uncommon in the Indians, though even in this race 
in the majority of humeri some roughness, or even a slight ridge, 
can be detected in its position. Among the Munsee humeri no 
specimen shows more than a trace of the anomaly. 

The rarity of this process in the Indian is of additional interest 
from the fact that it seems to be shared by other branches of the 
yellow-brown race, and also by the blacks; moreover, the process 
appears to be absent, or nearly so, in the humeri of all known apes. 
The problem as to why a feature of this nature, which appears 
clearly to be reversive, should be more common in modern whites 
than in the more primitive races and even in the anthropoid apes 
and the lower primates, offers a fruitful field for investigation. 

Radius 

The total number of radii in condition to be measured is 41, 19 
male and 22 female. Taking the paired bones in the males, we fuid 
that their length is equal on the two sides, as was very nearly the 
case with the humeri; in the females the right radius averages 
slightly longer than the left, again as in the arm bones of this sex. 
Tlie arms as a whole were therefore of very nearly the same length on 
the two sides in the males, but the right was generally slightly longer 
than the left in the females, a condition which in aU probability was 
connected with the relatively greater use of the right hand and arm 
in the latter sex. 

Tlie percental relation between the length of the radius and that of 
the humerus approximates 79 on both sides in the males and 78 in the 
females, Indians of other localities show much the same condition, 
the index approxunating in the males 78 on both sides and in the 
females 77 on both sides. In whites the same index is only 73.6 in 
the males and 72.8 in the females; while the American negro gave to 
the writer 77.4 for the male and 76.8 for the female sex. Tliis means 
that the forearm in tlie Munsee and in Indians generally is relatively 
long; it is decidedly longer in relation to the humerus than in the 
whites, and so far as the Munsee are concerned it is even slightly 
longer than in the average American negi'o ; and in all the groups it 
is to a slight extent relatively longer in the males than in the females. 

In strength, curvature, and other features the Munsee radii show 
nothing exceptional. In fact, this bone is of secondary importance 
in the anthropology of modern races except in its relative proportions. 



hrdliCka] 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



57 



Number of hone'; 



XLIL MUNSEE: RADIUS 

MALES 



Average: 

Paired (9) 

Total present (U) 

Minimum, total present (11) 
Maximum, total present (11) 



Right 



Length, 

maxi- 
mum 



cm. 
25.7 

2.5. ().j 

24.6 

26.6 



Num- 
ber of 
ca.ses 



(10) 
(10) 
(10) 



Radio- 
humeral 
index 
RXlOO 
H 



78.8 

78.9 
71.9 
82. .5 



Left 


Num- 


Length, 


Num- 


ber of 


maxi- 


ber of 


bones 


mum 


cases 




cm. 




(9) 


25.7 


(S) 


(9) 


2,-1. 7 


i^) 


(9) 


21. () 


(><) 


(9) 


211.1 


{^> 



Radio- 
humeral 
index 
RXlOO 
H 



78.8 

78.8 
76.1 
82.1 



Average: 

Paired (10) 

Total present (11) 

Minimum, total present (11). 
Maximum, total present (11) 



23.7 


(10) 


77.5 


(10) 


23.45 


(10) 


23. 66 


(10) 


77, r, 


(12) 


23. .', 1 


(11) 


22 


(10) 


74.8 


(12) 


21.6 


(11) 


24.7 


(10) 


80.1 


(12) 


24.6 


(11) 



74.7 
80.1 



Ulna 

Like the radius, the Munsee uhia shows nothing speciiilly note- 
worthy as regards its form, llie curvature is moderate, as a rule, 
and so is the strengtli of the l)one. TJie dimensions ai-e presented in 
tahle XLin. 

As witli the other two long-bones of the upper liml), the length of 
the ulna is praetictilly tlie same on the two sides in the males, and 
slightly sliorter on the left than on the riglit in the females. 

XLIIl. MTTNSEE: ULNA 





Males 


Females 




Right 


Left 


Right 


Left 




Number of 
bones 


Length, 
maxi- 
mum 


Num- 
ber of 
bones 


Length, 
maxi- 
mum 


Numl)er of 

bones 


Length, 
maxi- 
mum 


Num- 
ber of 
bones 


Length, 
maxi- 
mum 


.Average: 

Paired 


6 

8 
8 
8 


cm. 
27.6 
27.5 
26.6 

28.6 


ti 
9 
9 
9 


cm. 
27.5 

27.7 
20.1 
29.3 


10 

11 
U 
11 


cm.. 
25.5 

2.i. 1.5 
23.7 

211. 5 


10 
11 
11 
11 


■ cm. 
25.2 


Total present 


2:5. 3 
23.4 


Maximum ■ 


26 5 







58 



DUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[BDLL. 62 



Femur 
general observations 

The total number of adult femora in condition for measurement is 
60 — 33 males, 27 females. 

The bones, as a rule, are normally developed and with one exception 
free from anomalies. The exception is the left femur of male subject 
no. 285,301, which shows a large spinous process on the mesial border 
of the bone above the internal condyle (jjroc. sujjracondyloideus 
femoris), as exliibited in plate 23. The linea-aspera, wliile mostly well 
developed, is in no case exceptionally high. The curvature and 
torsion show nothing exceptional. 

MEASUREMENTS 

As this is the most important of the long-bones, a number of 
measurements besides the length were taken, as indicated below. 

The mean bicondylar length of the Munsee femora, taking both 
sides together, is 45.5 cm. in the males and 42 cm. in the females. 
Judging from observations on whites and on other Indians, these 
lengths correspond to the average stature of approximately 167 cm. in 
the male and 156 cm. in the female Munsee. These figures are very 
close to those obtained by the help of the well-known Manouvrier 
and Rochet tables, and may therefore be safely accepted. They show 
that the Munsee were somewhat above the medimn, but not really 
tall in stature. 

XhTV. MUNSEE: FEMORA 



Average: 

Paired 

Total present.. 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Average: 

Paired 

Total present.. 

Minimum 

Maximum 



Right 



cm. 

45.2 

45.26 

43.4 

48.1 



cm. 
45.8 

45.8 
43.8 
48.7 



oo 



71.8 

72.1 
69.6 
76.3 



cm. 
2.92 
2.91 
2.5 
3.3 






cm. 
2.55 
2.53 
2.2 
2.95 



87.1 

87.1 
73.5 
100 



Diameters 
at upper 
flattening 



cm 
3.23 

3.22 

2.9 

3.7; 



cm. 
2.37 
2.35 
2 
2.7 






73.3 
73.1 

64.6 
90 



Left 



45.4 


45.9 


8 


71.7 


16 


2.9 


2.61 


89.9 


15 


3.33 


2.38 


45. 82 
43.7 


46.3 
44 


9 
9 


71.3 
67.7 
















16 


2. 5 


2.25 


75 


15 


2.9 


2.1 


49.2 


50 


9 




16 


3.3 


2.9 


107.7 


15 


3.7 


2.7 



71.6 



59.5 
93.7 



* Maximum. 



t Linea aspera midway between the two branches of the compass. 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 24 




FUSION OF HUMERUS AND ULNA; MALE MUNSEE SKELETON, NO. 

285,303, U.S.N.M. 



hrdlu'kaI 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOI-OnV OF THE T^ENAPR 



59 



XLIV. MUNSEE: FEMORA— Continued 

FEMAI,ES 





Right 




5 

o 

S 
Q 

3 

iz; 


■a 
c 


s 

3 

a 
s 

g 


"S 

a 


03 

2 ® 

a a 
3 


1 




a 

3 


2 3 

II* 




(-"3 

|a 

03 

5 


'3 
.a 

0^03 


i 

"o 

a 
3 

2; 


Diameters 
at upper 
flattening 


•0 




a 

3 


a 
3 




Average: 

Paired 


13 
14 
14 
14 


cm. 
42.1 


cm. 
42.65 


10 
12 
12 
12 


72.6 

72.7 
70.6 
74.4 


13 
14 
14 
14 


cm. 
2.58 
2.56 
2.3 

2.95 


cm. 
. 2.35 

2.37 

2 

2.6 


91.2 

91.6 
82.1 
106.2 


12 

14 
14 
14 


cm, 
2.88 

2.89 
2.5 

3. 25 


cm. 
2.17 


75.5 


Total present . . 


2. 14 74 


39.4 
44.7 


40 
45.1 


1.85 .56.9 


Maximnm 


2. 45 84. 5 








Left 


Average: 

Paired 


13' 


41.9 


42.6 


10 


71.65 


13 


2.48 


2.38 


93.1 


12 


3.03 


2.17 


71.7 






Minimum 

Maximum 


13 
13 


.39.5 
44..-) 


40 
4.5.4 


10 
10 


69.4 
73.2 


13 
13 


2. 25 
3 


2 
2. 65 


83.3 
113 


12 
12 


2.6 
3.35 


1.8 
2.45 


56.1 

87.7 



* Maximum. 



t Liuea aspera midway between tho two branches of the compass. 



The two lengths of the femur, the hicondyhir and the maximum, 
differ somewhat as a rule in favor of the latter. The difference is 
due and proportional to the inclination of the axis of the shaft and 
the development of the internal condyle, and ranges in different 
individuals from 0.5 mm. to 15 mm. In whites in all the groups 
studied it is moderate, not reaching 4 mm. in the average. In the 
American negro (who often has some white blood), the disjDropor- 
tion between the two lengths is sUghtly higher than in the whites, but 
additional observations are needed. Among Indians, however, the 
difference is perceptibly higher than among the whites, and is espe- 
cially pronounced among the Munsee, where it reaches the average of 
nearly 5 mm. in the males (taking the mean of the two sides) and 
6 mm. in the females. As the Munsee bones are perfectly normal, the 
explanation of this peculiarity must be sought either in an unusual 
breadth of the pelvis or in a somewhat greater length of the neck of 
the femur, and may be connected with some functional characteristic 
of these people, such as possibly a more than usual j)revalence of the 
habit of squatting. 



60 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[boll. 62 



XLV. MUNSEE AND OTHER FEMORA: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BICONDYLAR 
AND MAXIMUM LENGTH OF THE BONES 





Munsee 


Other 
Indians 


United 
States 
whites 


Italians 


American 
negro 




M. F. 


M. 


F. 


M. 


F. 


M. 


F. 


M. 


F. 


Number of paired bones. . . 


12 

5.35 
4.2 


12 

5.6 
6.45 


55 

4 

4.2 


22 

3.8 
3^2 


100 

3.05 
2.55 


50 

3.78 
3.8 


31 

3 

2.58 


8 

2.6 
2.1 


12 

4 
3.25 


8 


Average excess of the maximum o\er 
the bicondjiar length: 
Right, cm. 


3.2 


Left, cm... . . 


3.5 







The difference between the maxinmm and bicondylar length 
of the femur in some racial groups averages greater in the females 
than in the males, while in others the condition is reversed. Among 
the Munsee the females show the greater difference (6 mm. to shghtly 
less than 5 mm. in the males) ; but this peculiarity is not shared by 
other Indian groups. A condition similar to that of the Munsee exists 
in this respect among the United States whites, where the difference 
between the two lengths averages 3.8 mm. in the females and only 
2.8 mm. in the males; while among the Italians, and to a less extent 
the negroes, the disjDroportion is greater in the males (Italians: 
m. 2.8, f. 2.35 mm; negroes: m. 3.6, f. 3.35 mm.). The excess of the 
difference in males in these groups was unexpected, the usual impres- 
sion being that the axis of the female femur is generally more oblique 
than that of the male; and the more oblique the axis, the greater 
should be the difference between the bicondylar and maximimi 
length of the bone. 

As to the two sides of the body, in the majority of the groups 
whose femora were studied, greater average differences were fomid 
between the two lengths of the l)one on the right than on the left; 
in a few groups, however, such as the Munsee, the United States 
whites, and the United States negro females, the condition was 
reversed. 

These interesting conditions and exceptions make it probable 
that an extended special study of the relations of the two femoral 
lengths would be well repaid by the results. 

The relation in bicondylar length of the Munsee female to the 
male femora is as 92.7 to 100, and practically the same result was 
obtained in other Indians (92.65 to 100). In United States whites 
the proportion is as 93 to 100; in American negroes, as 93.1 to 100. 
These are striking similarities in })eople so far apart racially. 



hkuliCka] 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



61 



HUMERO-FEMORAL INDEX 

The percentiil relation in length of the femur to the humerus in the 
Mmisee, the Immcro-femoral in<lex('"^;-i™S:;HZ„'-) - »PP™'<- 
imates m both sexes 72, wliich is very near the average in liuman 
races generally. The similarity of this important relation in different 
racial groui)s, as may be seen from the measurements by the writer 
hi the next table, is quite remarka])le. 

As a rule the humero-femoral index is in both sexes slightly higher 
on the right than on the left side, and the Munsee form no exception 
in this particular. As to sex, while m all branches of the whites, as 
well as in the United States negroes, the male index on both sides is 
slightly higher, in the Munsee, as well as in other Indians, the index in 
the male is slightly lower than that in the female. These features 
are all conn(>cted, of course, with the peculiarities of the length of the 
Indian humerus as weU as the femur, outluied in other chapters. 

XLVI. HUMERO-FEMORAL INDEX IN THE MUNSEE AND IN OTHER RACIAL GROUPS 







Male 






Female 






Subjects 


Right 


Left 


Subjects 


Right 


Left 


Munsee 


s 

100 
200 
22 
86 
39 
53 
25 


71. s 
72.3 
72.2 

72. t) 
72. S 
72.5 
73.9 
71.7 


71.7 
7L6 

71.7 

71.9 

72 

72.3 

73 

71. 5 


10 

til 
tVi 
35 
21 
11 
15 
13 


72.fi 

71. S 
71.7 
72.4 

72. r, 

72. 9 
70. 3 


71.7 




71. S 




70 9 


Irish 


70. f) 


Germans 


71.3 




72 


other whites 


71.3 


United States negroes 


70.2 







THE SHAFT 

The measurements taken at the middle of the shaft in the Munsee 
femora indicate generally a moderate development. The mean 
diameter is smaller in both sexes than it is in ordinary American 
whites and negroes ' of the same stature. The same condition, 
though in a somewhat lesser degree, was observable in the Arkansas 
and Louisiana Indian femora, and there are reasons to believe that 
it is common to other Indian tribes, if not general in the race. The 
whites and negroes used here for comparison are of course those of 
the workuig classes, or such as find their way into dissecting rooms. 

As to the strength of the femur on tlie two sides of the body, 
the difference in the IMunsee, as well as in other Indians and racial 
groups, is very smaU. However, in the males a slightly higher aver- 
age mean diameter is seen in the left femur, while in the females the 

1 Males: Munsee, 2.74; United States whites, 2.9; United States negroes, 2.91 cm. 
Females: Munsee, 2.54; United States whites, 2.69; United States negroes, 2.6 cm. 



62 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



condition is reversed. Curiously the same slight excess in strength 
of the left femur in the male and of the right in the female is exhibited 
also by the United States whites, while in the UnitedStates negroes, in 
both sexes, the bones of the two sides are exactly equal, as is shown 
in the following table: 

XLVII. STRENGTH OF THE FEMUR ON THE TWO SIDES OF THE BODY 

MEAN DIAMETEB .A^T THE MIDDLE OF THE SHAFT 





Mimsee 


United 
States 
whites 


United 
Siates 
negroes 


Male: 

Right 


em. 
2.73 
2.75 

2.46 
2.43 


cm. 
2.89 
2.91 

2.74 
2.64 


cm. 
2.91 


Left 


2.91 


Female: 

Right. 


2.60 


Left 


2.60 







Taking the antero-posterior and lateral diameters at tlie middle of 
the shaft separately, we find several more interesting points. The 
antero-posterior diameter in the Munsee (and the same is true of the 
United States whites and United States negroes, as will be seen by the 
following table) is practically equivalent in the right and left femora 
in the males; but except in the whites it is perceptibly smaller on the 
left side in the females of aU groups. On the other hand, the lateral 
diameter, excepting in the probably too small male negro series, is 
invariably larger on the left than on the right side in both males and 
females. Thus it may be said that the left femur is almost invariably 
slightly broader on the average than the right, and this especialh'^ in 
the females of probably all racial groups. 

These interestmg conditions are most clearly shown by the shaft 
index (aiaSf^lSSSrr). which in both sexeJ and in aU the racial 
subdivisions is higher on the left side. 

The index in tlie Munsee femora is noteworthy in another respect: 
It is decidedly smaller in both sexes of this group than it is in the 
American negro and especially in the United States whites. Judging 
from data on other Indians in the writer's possession, it seems very 
probable that the characteristic shown by the Munsee in this regard is 
common to Indians in general. As may be seen by reference to the 
figures in the following table, the low shaft index in the Munsee 
is due entirely to smaller breadth; the Munsee femur is relatively 
narrower than that of both whites and negroes. 



nUI'LU'KA] 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



63 



XLVin. COMPARISON OF THE PROPORTIONS AND INDEX OF THE SHAFT OF THE 
FEMUR AT MIDDLE, IN MUNSEE, WHITES, AND NEGROES. PAIRED BONES 



Right 



Diameter 
antero- 
posterior 



Diameter 
lateral 



I>eft 



Diameter 
antero- 
posterior 



Diameter 
lateral 



Index 



Munsce: 

Specimens 

Average 

United States whites: 

Specimens 

Average 

United States negroes 

Specimens 

Average 



cm. 
(16) 
2.92 

(fir,) 

2. 9.5 

(<i) 
3.116 



cm. 

(16) 



(66) 
2.84 



(6) 



(16) 
87.1 

(66) 
96.3 

(6) 
90.5 



cm. 
(16) 
2.90 

(06) 
2.95 

(6) 
3.06 



cm. 

(16) 
2.61 

(66) 
2.87 

(6) 



(16) 
89.9 

(66) 
97.4 

(6) 
90.5 



Munsee: 

Specimens 

Average 

United Slates whites: 

Specimens 

Average 

United States negroes 

Specimens 

Average 



(13) 


(13) 


(13) 


(13) 


(13) 


2. .58 


2.3.5 


9L2 


2.48 


2.38 


(28) 


(28) 


(28) 


(28) 


(28) 


2.64 


2. .58 


97.7 


2.65 


2.63 


(") 


{-) 


(') 


(") 


(7) 


2.68 


2. .53 


94.4 


2.63 


2.58 



(13) 
93.1 

(28) 
99.5 

(7) 
98.1 



PLATYMERY 

Another anthropologically important region of the femur is the 
subtrochanteric flattening, which, as well known, has been studied in 
whites and in other races by Manouvrier and other observers.* The 
flattening in question is situated below the minor trochanter, reaching 
its maximum at approximately 3 cm. below that point. It yields 
itself to two measurements, the maximum and the minimum diame- 
ter, and the percental relation of the latter to the former constitutes 
the platymeric index. Tliis index is generally quite high in whites, in 
whom the flattening is but moderate. 

The next table shows the conditions found in this respe(;t with re- 
gard to the Munsee, the United States whites, and the United States 
negroes. 

' See HrdliCka, Report on Additional Skeletal Remains from Arkansas and Louisiana, Jour. Acad. 
Nat. Sci. Phila., xiv, 1909, pp. 215-216. 



64 



BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



XLIX. COMPARISON OF THE PROPORTIONS AND INDEX OF THE SHAFT OF THE 
FEMUR AT THE SUBTROCHANTERIC FLATTENING, IN THE MUNSEE, WHITES, AND 
NEGROES. PAIRED BONES 

MALES 



Munsee: 

Specimens 

Average 

United States whites: 

Specimens 

Average 

United States negroes 

Specimens 

Average 



Right 



Diameter 
maxi- 
mum 



cm. 
(15) 
3.23 

(06) 
3.25 

(fi) 
3.07 



Diamcter 
mini- 
mum 



cm. 
(15) 
2.37 

(6(5) 
2.69 

(6) 
2. OS 



Index 



(15) 
73.3 



(66) 
82.8 



(6) 
87.3 



Left 



Diameter 
maxi- 
mum 



cm. 

(15) 
3.33 

(66) 
3.24 

(6) 
3.17 



Diameter 
mini- 
mum 



cm. 
(1.5) 
2.3S 

(66) 
2.73 

(«) 
2.73 



Index 



(15) 
71.6 

(66) 
84.1 

86.3 



Munsee: 

Specimens 

Average 

United States whites: 

Specimens 

Average 

United States negroes: 

Specimens 

Average 



(12) 


(12) 


(12) 


(12) 


(12) 


2. 8S 


2.17 


75.5 


3.03 


2.17 


(2S<) 


(2S) 


(2S) 


(2S) 


(2S) 


2.94 


2.39 


81.1 


3.0 


2.39 


(7) 


(7) 


(7) 


(') 


(7) 


3.02 


2.42 


80.1 


2.07 


2.44 



(12) 
71.7 

(2S) 
79.6 

(7) 
82 



It will be observed, in the firet place, that at the middle of the 

shaft the mean of the two diameters at the upper flattening m the 

.Munsee is smaller in both sexes and on both sides than that in either 

the whites or the negroes, thus indicating that the bone is more 

slender. 

The most striking points brought out by the data are, however, 
those relating to the degree of .the flattening in the subtrochanteric 
region in the different racial groups. The Munsee femora are decid- 
edly flatter than those of the whites, which in turn are sHghtly flatter 
than those of the negro. As a result the platymeric index in the 
Munsee is considerably below that in both the other races. 

Taking the two diameters separately it will be observed that the 
diameter maximum or breadth is frequently larger in the left than in 
the right femur. Tliis is true in both sexes among the Mmisee and 
in the white females and negro males. In the white males the meas- 
urement is equal on the two sides, and in the negro females it is 
slightly larger on the right than on the left. In aU probability the 
tendency of the left femur to be sUghtly broader than the right at the 
subtrochanteric flattening is quite universal. 



hrdliCka] physical ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 65 

The lateral diameter or thickness is also slightly larger in the left 
femur in nearly all the racial and sex groups, but the excess is less 
than with the breadth. It is thus evidcMit that the left femur at this 
point is in general slightly stronger than the right. But, as already 
indicated, the mean excess in breadth is mostly greater than that in 
thickness, the residt of which in most of the groups is a slightly lower 
platymeric index on the left side. 

As to sexes, the platymeric index m the Mmisee is shghtly higher 
on both sides in the females than in the males. This is exceptional 
for Indians, tlie condition ])eing usually the reverse. In the United 
States whites and United States negroes, and in Indian tribes other 
than the Munsee examined by the writer, the male femur as a rule 
gives a somewhat higher average index on ])oth sidc^s than the female, 
indicating that the flattenmg in the male is of lesser degree. 

As to the sides, in the majority of the groups, and particularly in 
the Munsee, the right platymeric mdex is slightly higher than the 
left. In the Arkansas and Louisiana Indians it was very nearly 
equal on the two sides in both sexes. In the series of United States 
white males used hero for comparison, and in the United States negro 
females, the right index is higher. Evidently, while the preponderant 
tendency is for the right platymeric index to be slightly liigher than 
the left, there are not infrequcuit exct'ptions, but the differences are 
not of much importance. 

To summarize, it may be stated that at the subtrochanteric flatten- 
mg the Munsee femur shows a d(^cidedly greater compression than the 
femora of the United States whites, and especially those of United 
States negroes; it shows a slightly greater relative flatness in the 
male than in the femah^, which is exceptional; and in the majority of 
cases it is relatively slightly flatter on the left than on tlie right side 
of the body. 

These details may seem rather involved, and jx'rhaps in some 
instances of no great consequence. But when at some time we shall 
be able to examine scores of records where we have now but few, and 
each series of records (Extending to liundreds instead of to only tens 
of specimens, the above points wiU assume a defijiite morphological 
importance, demonstrating on the one side the presence of astonish- 
ingly uniform and persistent laws r<dating even to secondary charac- 
teristics of bones, and, on tlie other, to clear, conspicuous, racial 
sexual and other group differences. 

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TJIE FEMORA 

As to special descriptiv(> characteristics of the Munsee femora, 
special attention was paid to the linea aspera, the shape of the shaft 
at middle, and the presence and development of the third trochanter. 
17135°— Bull. (52—16 5 



66 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



Linea aspera. — The linea aspera was found to be generally well 
developed, but seldom high and in no case excessively rough, mdi- 
cating well but not exceptionally developed musculature. 

SJiape of the shaft. — As to the shape of the shaft at middle, in a 
fourth of the males and in nearly half the females this was found to be 
more or less prismatic, and in 9 per cent of the males and 7.5 per cent 
of the females, plano-convex; the remainder of the bones showing, 
with one exception, mtermediary or not well-defined shapes. None 
of the femora present the cylindrical (juvenile) type, or type 4 
(anterior surface divided in two by a long vertical ridge), and in but 
one bone is the shape clearly elliptical. Among the whites the last 
named (elliptical) form is much more common, while the plano- 
convex type is less frequent than in the Indians.^ 

Tliird trochanter. — Respecting the third trochanter, this presents 
itself as a more or less marked ridge, or an oblong tuberosity, or a 
round tuberosity; and in any of these forms it may be slight, medium, 
or pronounced. In some instances there will be found a depression, 
instead of an elevation, in the bone at or near this locahty. Tliese 
different forms have no separate morphological significance. They 
aU serve for or are due to the attachment of the gluteus maximus 
muscle, and merge into each other by transitional stages. In the 
Munsee, conditions in regard to the third trochanter were as foUows: 

L. MUNSEE AND WHITE FEMORA: THIRD TROCHANTER OR GLUTEAL TUBER- 
OSITY 





Subjects 


Third 

trochanter 

absent 


Ridge 


Oblong tuberosity 


Round tuberosity 




Moder- 
ate 


Pro- 
nounced 


Moder- 
ate 


Pro- 
nounced 


Moder- 
ate 


Pro- 
nounced 


Munsee: 

Male 


(17) 
(14) 

(200) 
(120) 


Pir cent 
30 
32 

43 

45 


Per cent 
40 
36 

32 
31 


Per cent 

4.5 
5 


Per cent 
26 
22 

9 

12. .5 


Per cent 


Per cent 
6 
3.5 

3.5 

5 


Per ceat 


Female 


3.5 

5 
1.7 


3.5 


Whites: 

Male 


3 


Female 









It is here seen that the third trochanter is strictly absent in less 
than a tliird of the male as well as of the female bones of the Munsee ; 
a smaU to pronounced oblong tuberosity exists in 26 per cent of the 
males, and practically the same proportion (25.5 per cent) of the fe- 
males, while a rounded tuberosity is found in 6 per cent of the males 
and in 7 per cent of the females. Among the previously reported 
Arkansas and Louisiana Indian femora, the frequency of the third 
trochanter in most of its forms was somewhat greater. Among the 
ordinary American whites, it wiU be observed from the above figures, 
there is in both sexes a more frequent complete absence of the third 

' Compare Arkansas and Louisiana Femora, op. cit., p. 217. 



hrdlitka] 



PHYSICAL ANTHROrOLOOV OF THE LENAPE 



67 



trochanter in any form than in the Munsee; there is less frequency 
of the moderate ridge and mod(>rate oblong tuberosity; and a greater 
frequency of pronounced grades of both ridge and oblong tuberosity, 
while the occurrence of roinul tuberosity is about even in the two 
groups. Subtrochanteric fossa in place of or beside a prominence 
was observed in Munsee adidts in five cases — four males and one 
female. In adolescents it was more frequent. 

Tibia 

The results of the several measurements obtained on the Munsee 
tibiie are shown below. 

The mean length of the bone, takmg the two sides together, is 38.5 
cm. in the males and 35.3 cm. in the females. The length of the 
female bone stands to that of the male as 91.7 to 100, which is lower 
than was obtained on the tibiae from Louisiana, where the propor- 
tion was 93.7, or than that prevailing among whites, where it is even 
slightly higher (94.6 in miscellaneous New York whites). The Mun- 
see female tibise are therefore relatively somewhat short, paralleling 
to some extent what was found with r(>for(>nce to the radius. Lesser 
differences of the same nature is found in probably all larger racial 
groups. Why the feature should be more pronounced in the Munsee 
than in other Indians is difficult of explanation; but, as will be seen 
later, this is not the only peculiarity of the female Munsee tibiae. 

LI. MUNSEK: TIBL^ 
MALES 



Average: 

Paired 

Total present. 

Minimum 

Maximum 



Right 



Number 
ol bones 



Average: 

Paired 

Total present. 

Minimiun 

Maximum 



(12) 
(12) 
(12) 



Length ' 



ctn. 
38.3 

38. 5 
36 
10. .3 



Num- 
ber of 
cases 



(11) 
(14) 
(H) 
(H) 



Diam- 
eter t 

antero- 
posterior 
at middle 

(a) 



cm. 
3.28 

3.2,S 
3. ().') 
3. 55 



Diam- 
eter J 
lateral 
at middle 

(b) 



cm. 
2.14 
2. H 
1.9.1 
2.4 



Index of 
shaft at 
middle 
b X 100 



65.4 
05.4 
56. 3 

(■)9. 7 



Num- 
ber of 
cases 



(19) 
(10) 
(10) 
(10) 



Tibio- 
femoral 
index 
TXlOO 
F 



Left 



(11) 


38.6 


(11) 


3.25 


2.16 


66.6 


(9) 


(12) 


3S.8 


do) 


3.23 


2.16 


67.1 


(11) 


(12) 


36.7 


(15) 


2.8 


1.95 


54. 9 


(11) 


(12) 


40.9 


(15) 


3. 55 


2.4 


80.4 


(11) 



84.4 
84.6 
81.1 
86.9 



84.5 
84.9 
79.4 
90.0 



* On Broca's planche oxteometrique, with the spine in the opening o f the vertical portion of the instru- 
ment and the condyles applied to the board on both sides of the opening, the rest of the bone lying im- 
mobile on the horizontal board. 

t Maximum. 

t With anterior border of the bone midway between the two branches of the compass that are applied 
to the sides of the bone. 



68 



BUEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



LI. MUNSEE: TIBIiE— Continued 

FEMALES 



Right 



Number 
of bones 



Length 



Num- 
ber of 

cases 



Diam- 
eter 

antero- 
posterior 
at middle 

(a) 



Diam- 
eter 
lateral 
at middle 

(b) 



Index of 

shaft at 

middle 

bXlOO 

a 



Num- 
ber of 
cases 



Tibio- 
femoral 
index 
TxlOO 
F 



Average: 

Paii'ed 

Total prftsent 

Minimum 

Maximum 



Average: 

Paired 

Total present 

Minimum 

Maximum 



(13) 
(14) 
(13) 
(13) 



cm. 
35.3 

35.3 

32. 1 
37.1 



(13) 
(13) 
(13) 
(13) 



cm. 
2.6 

2.6 
2.25 

2. K5 



cm. 
L98 

1.98 
1.65 
2.3 



76.1 

76.1 
70.2 

86. 7 



(12) 
(12) 
(12) 
(12) 



83.7 

83.7 
81.4 
87.7 



Left 



(13) 


35.2 


(13) 


2.6 


1.93 


74.5 


(12) 


(14) 


35.2 


(14) 


2. 64 


1.96 


71. 6 


(12) 


(14) 


32.4 


(14) 


2.25 


1.5 


68. 8 


(12) 


(14) 


36.7 


(14) 


2.8 


2.35 


82.2 


(12) 



83.7 
83.7 
81.5 
86.1 



As to the two sides, the Munsce left tibia averages somewhat 
longer in the males than, the riglit, which on the whole in slight 
measure is also the condition among the whites, but to which indi- 
vidual and even group exceptions are not infrequent. In the Muiisee 
females, on the other hand, the average length of the left tibia is 
slightly less (by 1 mm.) than that of the right. 

The percental relation of the length of the til)ia with the bicondylar 
length of the femur, or the tibio-femoral index, averages in whites 
approximately 82 in the males and slightly less in the females. In 
the Miinsee it is somewhat more elevated in both sexes. As in the 
whites and other racial groups, a moderate excess of the male over 
the female index is present on both sides, mdicating the slightly 
greater relative shortness of the female leg bones aforementioned. 
Judging from the available data on the tibio-femoral index among 
other Indians,' that in the Munsee comes very near to the average 
of the race. 

The strength of the Mmisee tibia (and the same is probably true 
of many other Indian tribes) is surprising, being nearer that of the 
whites than is the case with either the humerus or the femur. The 
antero-posterior diameter of the Indian tibia is, in fact, in almost all 
the Indian groups somewhat greater than in the whites. The index 
of the shaft is invariably and quite perceptibly lower in the Indians 



1 Compare S. Belle y Rodriguez, Le femur et le tibia, chez I'homme et les anthropoldes , Thhse, Paris, 1909, 
T). 109. 



hrdlk'tca] 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



69 



than in the whites, excepting the Muusee females, in whom, curiously 
enough, the mdex is relatively (juite high, exceeding lioth that of 
the other Indians available for comparison and of the whites. No 
satisfactory explanation of this and other exceptional features of the 
Munsee tibia can be given. The condition can scarcely be regarded 
as accidental, for on examining the individual shaft indexes it is 
observed that in but one of tlie female bones is the mdex below 
60, giving thus a pronounced platycnemy; in five it is between 60 
and 70; in ten between 70 and 80, and in no fewer tlian eleven it 
rises to 80 or over. Among the twenty-nine male Munsee tibiae 
then* is but one tlvat gives a shaft index of slightly al)ov(^ 80. 

MI. MK.\N DIMENSIONS OF THE TIBI.V (THE TWO SIDES BEIN(i TAKEN TOGETHER) 
IN THE MUNSEE AND OTHER INDIANS. AND IN WHITES 



Males: 

Munsee 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Whiles (miscellaneous) 
Females: 

Munsee 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Whites (miscellaneous) 





Mean 










diameter 


Mean 




Index of 




antero- 


diameter 




shaft at 


Length 


posterior 


lateral at 


Module t 


middle 




at mid- 


middle * 




bXllK) 




dle* 


(b) 




a 




(a) 








cm. 


cm. 


cm. 


cm. 




■.is. 45 


3.27 


2.15 


2.71 


60 


38.4 


3.35 


2.18 


2. 76 


65. 15 


:{". 1 


3. 3 


2.2 


2.75 


6.S. 47 


:i(i. 5 


3. 14 


2.22 


2. (i.s 


71.1 


;i5. 25 


2.ti 


1. 9(3 


2.2.S 


75. 3 


;i:i. L5 


2.S 


1.9.S 


2. 39 


69.25 


34. 75 


2.9 


l.NS 


2. 39 


64.2 


34. 56 


2. tJ5 


1. 9ti 


2.3 


71.9 



Tibio- 
femoral 
index 
TxlOO 
F 



S4. 45 
K2.35 
84.25 

82 

83. 7 
82.35 

as. 9 

8L6 



♦Right -(-left 



t Diameter an tero-posterior-h diameter lateral, right and left. 



The Munsee tibiae, barring a few moderate inflammaf orv Lesions 
referred to in another section, are normal throughout and fr(M». from 
anomalies. Tlu^ inclination of the head is in no case especially 
marked. 

As to the shape of the: shaft- at middle, conditions were found as 
follows : 

LIII. MUNSEE TIBI^: SHAPE OF SHAFT AT MIDDLE* 





1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


(i 


I 


Males 


Per rent 
11 
44 


Per cent 
13. 5 
11 


Per cent 

7 


Per cent 
24 
15 


J'tr cent 
3. 5 
3.5 


Per cent 


J'tr cent 
41 


Females 


20 









*l=ordinary prismatic; 2=lateral prismatic; 3=external surface concave; 4= posterior surface divided 
into two by vertical ridge; 5=interior border indistinct, posterior lialf of bone oval; 6= piano-con vex; 
1= indefinite. 



70 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. C2 



It is interesting to note that in the female Munsee tibia, type 1 is 
decidedly frequent and much more common than in the males; type 
3, which is usually associated with considerably developed leg muscles, 
is absent in the females; type 4 is relatively frequent iii both sexes; 
type 6 is wholly absent. 

In the next table are shown for comparison the proportions of the 
different types found by the author in different racial groups. For 
the purpose of elucidating these' data, both sexes are taken together. 
It is seen that well-differentiated type 1 is most common in the In- 
dians; that type 2 is relatively scarce in the negro; type 3, most 
common in the white (laboring class), was not met with in a pro- 
nounced form in th(^ negro ; type 4 is decidedly more common in the 
Indian than in the other two races; and type 6, absent in the Indians 
and rare in the whites, is fairly frequent in the negro. These differ- 
erences show that the shap(^ of the shaft of the tibia, as that of the 
femur, humerus, and other l^onc^s, lias a considerable racial signifi- 
cance, which, as our data are increased, will doubtless become 
accentuated. 



LIV. 



COMl'ARISON or MUNSEE AND. OTHER INDIAN WITH WHITE AND NEr.RO 
TIBI7E WITH REFERENCE TO SHAPE OF SHAFT AT MIDDLE* 



Types 


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 





I 


Munsee (all— 56) 


Per cent 

27 


Per cent 
12 


Per cent 
3.5 


Per cent 
20 


Per cent 
3.5 


Per cent 


Per cent 
34 


Arkansas and Louisiana 






Miscellaneous whites (1975) 

United States negroes (55) 


18 
20 


15 
9 




9 


5 


5 


•2 
11 


45 
45 



* For the significance of the denominations see the note to the preceding table. 

Fibula 

WMle of secondary importance, the fibula often presents interesting 
features which make it worthy of closer attention than it usually 
receives. One of these features concerns its length on the two sides 
of the body, which, in some Indians at least, is more uniform than 
that of its companion bone, the tibia. It was found so by the writer 
in the skeletal collections from Arkansas and Louisian.a mounds, and 
the feature appears again in the Munsee. The slight differences 
presented by the Munsee fibula? in tliis particular harmonize with 
those of the tibife. 

The percental relation of the female to the male fibula averages 93.5 
(the male bone= 100), while in the tibia it was only as 91.7 to 100.^ 
This anomaly is diu^ to the unexplained relative shortness of the 
female Munsee tibiae. 



1 Taking only cases where all four bones of one body are available for measurement, we obtain 92 for the 
relation of female to male tibiae and 94.6 for that of the fibulae, numbers which stand to each other very 
much as do those above given. 



HRDLlrivAl 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



71 



As to tho sliajKi of the shaft, which in the libiiUi cUffors more tlian 
in any other bone, tlie preYalent tendency, as in the Arkansas and 
Louisiana specimens, is toward type 2, or the lateral prismatic; a 
good many of the ])ones, however, show also a more or less marked 
fluting of one or two ot the surfaces. The details are given in the 
following table: 

LV. MUNSEE FIBULA: LENGTH 





Males 


Females 




Kight 


Left 


Right 


Left 




Number 
ot bone.s 


Length, 
maxi- 
mum 


Number 
of bones 


I^engtb, 
maxi- 
mum 


Number 
of bones 


T^ength, 
maxi- 
mum 


Number 
of bones 


Length, 
maxi- 
mum. 


Average: 




cm. 
36.9 

37.1 
35.3 

30 


('■') 


cm. 
37 

37.1 

35. S 
3S.8 


(-1) 
(9) 
(9) 
(9) 


cm. 
34.9 
31.7 
32 
30. 8 


(i) 


cm. 
34.8 


All 


34.7 




31.8 




36.9 







LVI. MUNSEE AND OTHER INDLVN FIBULA— SHAPE OF SHAFT AT MIDDLE* 





Males 


Females 


Types 1 


1 


2 

and 
2a 


3 


5 


6 


4 


1 


2 


3 


5 


6 


4 




P.ct. 

4 
27 


P.ct. 

48 
40 


P.ct. 

4 
9 


P.ct. 

15 
9 


P.ct. 

11 
3 


P. ct. 

IS 
12 


P. ct. 
5 

17 


P.ct. 
32 
42 


P.ct. 

18 
4 


P.ct. 
5 

4 


P.ct. 
14 

17 


P.ct. 
27 


Arkansas and I^oiiisiana 


17 



*1= Ordinary quadrilateral, approaching prismatic; anterior surface nearly absent to moderate; pos- 
terior surface facing directly Vjackward or nearly so. 2= Lateral prismatic; posterior surface facing back- 
ward and inward; medial surface much less in area than lateral; anterior surface narrow to broad. 
2a= Relation lietween medial and lateral surface reversed, the lacter being the narrower. 3= Medial sur- 
face fluted. 4= Lateral surface dilTerentiated into two surfaces. 5= Lateral surface fluted. f)=Both 
medial and lateral surfaces fluted. 

CLAVICLE 

The Munsee clavicle, in paired bones and in average, measures 
15.3 cm. in length on the right and 15.25 cm. on the left in the males, 
and 1.3.7 cm. on the right with 13.9 cm. on the left in the females. 
This gives the ratio of 90.4 (female) to 100 (male), which is lower 
than that in any of the long-bones and indicates a relative shortness 
of the clavicle in the Munsee females. 

The right clavicle is very slightly longer than the left .in the male, 
but is perceptibly shorter than the left in the female skeletons. 
One pair of the male and a pair of the female bones show pronounced 
curves; otherwise there is nothing special. The strength of the 
bones is moderate to medium; none is massive. 



72 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



LVII. MUNSEE CLAVICLE: LENGTH 





Males 


Females 




Right 


Left 


Right 


Left 




Number 
of bones 


Length, 
maxi- 
mum 


Number 
of bones 


Length, 
maxi- 
mum 


Number 
of bones 


Length, 
maxi- 
mum 


Number 
of bones 


Length, 
maxi- 
mum 


Average: 

Paired 


(S) 
(9) 
(9) 
(9) 


cm. 
15.35 

15.4 
14.4 
16.5 


(8) 
(10) 
(10) 
(10) 


cm. 
15.3 

15.3 
14.2 

lfi.3 


(9) 
(11) 
(11) 
(11) 


cm. 
13.7 

13.8 
12.7 
14.9 


(9) 


cm. 
13 9 


All 




Minima 


(9) 
f9) 


12 9 


Maxima 


l.j 6 







Sternum 

The total number of sterna present is 14, 8 males and 6 females. 
In 13 of these specimens the manubrium is completely detached, 
which in general is the most usual condition, while in the 14th there is 
partial attachment. Much the same condition was found by the 
wi-iter in the Indian sterna from Arkansas and Louisiana. 

The measurements of the sternum, given in the next table, are 
foimd to be moderate throughout. Unfortunately there are few 
available measurements of the sternum in other races for comparison. 

LVIII. MUNSEE STERNUM: DIMENSIONS 

MALES 





Number of 
bones 


Total 
length (less 
.xiphoid%jad 

epi- 

sternals)* 

(a) 


Greatest 

breadth 

of l)od}' 

(b) 


Sternal 

Index 

4)X100 

a 


Maximum 
thickness 
of body 


Average: 


(6) 


cm. 
15.7 
15.7 
14.0 
17.5 


cm. 
3.7 
3.7 

3. \ 
4.2 


23.8 

23. S 
21.1 
25. 8 


1.2 


All 


1.2 


Maxima 


All 

All 


1 


Maxima 


1.3 







Average: 

Paired... 

Average . 

Minima 

Maxima 



(C) 



All. 
All. 
All. 



13.8 
13.8 

12.8 
Itj. 2 



3.5 
3.5 

2.8 
3.9 



25.7 

25.7 
21.5 
30.5 



0.9 
0.9 

0.8 
1 



* Where present and attached to upper sternal tubercle (three instances). 

As to the rib facets, two of the 1 1 sterna in which the notches can 
be counted show seven on each side; in female skeleton no. 285,307, 
with normal number of ribs, there are seven notches on the right 
and but six on the left; in female no. 285,311, with 24 regular ribs 



HRDLicKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOOY OF THE LENAPE 73 

and ii right cervical, there are six facets on the right and seven on the 
left, and all the facets on the right side are> situated perceptibly higher 
than those on the opposite side of the bone: in four histances there are 
six facets on each side; in two (male no. 285,301 and female no. 285,330, 
the former with the normal number of ribs and the latter uncertain) 
the sternum shows six facets on the right and but five on the left side; 
linallv, in female no. 285,310, wdth 24 ribs, we find but five sternal 
facets on each side — this subject, however, was not fully adult. 
Tliese details show that there are considerable irregularities in the 
sternal facets among the Munsee, even in the presence of the normal 
number of ribs. 

The antero-posterior curvature of the Munsee sternum ranges from 
sUght to moderate. The xiphoid appendix is attaclicd to the body of 
the sternmn in only one instance — a male. In one male (no. 285,314) 
the left clavicular facet is considerabl}^ larger than tlic right. 

Three of the male and one female sterna show on one or botli sides 
attached episternal tubercles. In three of the cases the anomaly is 
unilateral — twice left and once right — while in one of the males it is 
bilateral, but the tubercle is more pronounced on the left. 

The breadth-length index of the sternum shows considerable 
individual variation in both sexes, but on the average it is higher in 
the females, the bone in this sex being relatively shorter. 

Scapula 

general features 

Tliis is one of the most interesting bones of the body, and although 
it has been reported on by a number of observers, it presents a 
variety of features that deserve further study. It is a bone which in 
all particulars shows great individual variation, but on close scrutiny 
it is found that these variations differ more or less from group to group 
and are tlierefore of antliropological importance, and that tliey are 
subject to certain laws which evidently are universal to human kind. 

In collections derived from graves, such as those of the Munsee, 
the scapuliP, on account of their fr.'iilness, are often damaged, so that 
relatively few specimens are available for examination. There are 
nevertheless in the Munsee collection five male and nme female 
bones in fair condition, and their study gives some satisfactory 
results. To contrast tliese results properly tlie writer presents m the 
following table data not only of the Munse(^, ])ut also those on several 
other Indian groups as Wi'll as on the whites and the United States 
negroes. 



u 



BUREAU OP AMERICAK ETHNOLOGY 

LIX. MUNSEE SCAPULAE: COMPARISON 



[bull, 62 



MALES 

Munsee 

Southern Utah cliff-dwellers 

Pima and Pueblo 

Various Mexican Indians 

Indians, Peru 

Indians, Peru ( Livou) ' 

United States whites (various nationali 

ties) 

Whites ( Livon) ' 

United States negroes 

FEMALES 

Munsee 

Southern Utah cliff-dwellers 

Pima and Pueblo 

Various Mexican Indians 

Mexican Indians 2 (Livon) 1 

Indians, Peru 

Indians, Peru (Livon) ' 

United States whites (various nationali- 
ties) 

Whites (Livon) 1 

United States negroes 



Speci- 
mens 



(IS) 

(■'i) 

(9) 

(55) 

(17) 

(VO) 
(V3) 
(46) 

(9) 
(10) 

(5) 
(12) 

(2) 
(:w) 

(ti) 

(44) 
i(51) 
(IS) 



Total 
height 



cm. 
15. 2 
15.1 
15. 5 
15. S 

15. Si 
15.1 

1G.4 

16. S 
16. 25 

1:?. 9 
13. T 
13. 8 
13. 75 
13. 17 
13. 7S 
13. 5 

14.4 
(13.5) 
14.2 



Infra- 
spinous 
height 



cm. 
11.2 
11.6 
12 
12 
12 
11.3 

12. 25 

12.4 

11.6 

10.4 
10. 25 
10. 25 
10. 25 
10. 16 
10.47 
10 

10.9 
(10.25) 
10.2 



Breadth 



cm. 
10.6 
10.15 
11. 05 
10.4 
10.17 
10 

10.7 
10.6 
10.9 

9.9 
9.7 
9.95 
9.75 
10.17 
9.17 
9 

9.6 
(9.1) 
9.25 



Scapular 
index 



69.5 

67.4 

71 

65.5 

64.2 

63.8 

65.3 

63 

66.8 

70.7 
70.6 
72 
70.7 

77.2 
66.5 
67 

66.7 
67.5 
65 



Infra- 
spinous 
index 



94.2 

87.7 

93 

86.6 

84.8 

85.6 

87.3 
85.5 
92.1 

95.3 
94.2 
97 
94.9 
100 
87.5 
88.4 

88.4 
88.8 
90.7 



" M. Livon, Be Vomoplate, etc., Tlthsr. Paris, 1879, pp. 41-42. 

2 One suljject. 

s The averages of the measurements are exceptionally small in this series. 

The above data show that the Indian scapula is on the whole some- 
what smaller than that of either the whites or the American negroes, 
except in the females, where the bone, while shorter, is slightly 
broader than that in the other two races. The Munsee scapulae 
compare fairly well with those of other Indian tribes, the apparent 
differences being doubtless due in a measure to the small number of 
specimens. 

• The scapular index in the Munsee is high, indicating that the short- 
ness of the bone is both absolute and relative. The different Indian 
tribes offer considerable variation in this respect, but, as will be noted, 
except in the Peruvians, the index in all is above that of the whites 
and in the majority of cases even above that of the negroes. These 
high scapular indexes in the Indian approximate those of the anthro- 
poid apes, but it remains to be determined if the phenomenon in 
the two genera is homologous. 

In the female Munsee the scapular index is perceptibly higher than 
in the males, and this characteristic, owing to a relatively greater 
breadth of this bone in the females, is common to all the other 
given groups, excepting the negro. 



miDMricA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 75 

The iiifraspinous index is also high in the ^lunsee as compared 
with other Indians, the whites, and even the negroes. This is par- 
ticularly the case in the males, in whom the infraspinous lieight is 
exceptionally low. 

The female index again exceeds that of the males in the Munsee 
and in all other Indian groups, as w(41 as in the whites, owing to the 
relatively greater breadth of the female scapula. The nt^groes show 
here once more an exception to the rule, and it would be interesting 
to trace how far this peculiarity may be prevalent in tluit race. 

High indexes, such as those of the Indians, have been i-eported by 
Livon, Broca, Ranke, and others,^ among some of the African negroes, 
the Melanesians, the Malays, the Guanches, and tlie Egyptians. 

DESCRIPTIVE FEATURES 

The principal points for visual observation to which attention has 
been given in this instanc<> wer(^ (a) the shape of the scapula as a whole, 
wth the development of (he teres major region; (b) the fonn of tlie 
superior border of the bone; and (c) the development of the notch in 
the superior border. 

Type of hody. — The scapula as a whole may be more or less neatly 
triangular or wedge-shaped, which fonn will be designated as type 1. 
Again, it may be more acutely wedge-shaped, with both its axillary 
and vertebral border markedly concave, a type which the author 
classes as 3.^ It may be quadrilateral, type 4, with the axillary bor- 
der augmented by a sliorter but well-marked inferior border, due to 
a development of a process or angle by the influence of the teres 
major muscle. It may be pentagonal, when the preceding type is 
augmented by a distinct angle in the axiUaiy border at or above the 
spine, which divides it into two well-marked borders — type 5. Fi- 
nally, we may have a shape resembling that in many lower mammals 
and characterized by marked convexity of the axillary border, which 
will be referred to as typo 6. 

Among the 19 Munsee scapulae, a large majority show types 4 and 5, 
the few remaining specimens approaching type 1. There is no in- 
stance of the relatively rare type 3, nor of type 6, which is cpite com- 
mon in other Indians, particularly the males. The following table 
gives several series of records for comparison, including that of 

1 For literature, see R. Martin, Lchrbuch der AntJiropologie, 1914; also A. V. Sohiick, Das Schulterblatt 
des Menscheii und der Anthropoiden, Millcil. A nthr. Grs. Wicn, XL, 1910. 

The tew published reports on Indian scapula? gi\e scapular and infraspinous indexes as follows: Matiegka 
(Santa Rosa, Cal., Indians), 64.9; 90.8; Dorsey (Northwest Coast), 05.1; s:i.2 (?); Martin (Fuegians), 
65.4; 90.8; Martin (Peruvians), 66.6; 89; Matthews (Ancient Pueblos of Arizona), 71.1. 

In the anthropoid apes the scapular inde.x averages between 69 and 76 (Livon); but U>e infraspinous 
index is enormous, ranging from slightly over 100 in the orang to 1.56 in the chimpanzee. 

2 This form and various approaches to it have been referred to as "scaphoid" by Graves {Jour. Amer. 
Med. Asso., 1910, p. 12), and wrongly attributed to faulty development of the body. 



76 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull? 62 



United States whites. Analysis of the data shows some marked 
sexual «ts well as racial differences, the full value of which can not, 
however, be detennined in the absence of more ample records. It 
is very plain, however, that type 1, or a close approach to it, and 
types 3 and 5 are, on the whole, more common in the females than 
in the males; while type 6 is decidedly more frequent in the males. 
Type 3 is relatively frequent in the whites, type 5 relatively scarce. 
In all probability the Indians differ considerably among themselves 
with respect to the shape of the scapulae, as shown by the Munsee 
and Peruvian males, though the two series of specimens are very 
unequal in numbers. Minor differences in records of this nature can 
not be given any weiglit, for naturally the matter of classification of 
the different shapes is less perfect than that of accurate measure- 
ments. 

LX. THE FORM OF THE SCAPULA: MUNSEE AND COMPARATIVE 

MALES 



People 


Speci- 
mens 


Indefi- 
nite 


Type 

lor 

near 1 


Types 


Type 4* 


Types 


near 5 


Type 6 


near 6 


Mimsee 


(8) 
(57) 

(KiS) 
(-10) 


Per ct: 
10. T) 

■t.s 


Per cl. 
12 
21 

2S 
22. .5 


Perct. 
a. 5 
9..', 


Per ct. 

■.is 

9.5 

17. r, 


Per ct. 

50 

17.9 

;i2 


Perct. 


Per ct. 


Per ct. 


Peruvian Indians 

United States whites (miscel- 
laneous) 


2.5 


37 

14.3 
15 


17.5 
S 3 


United States negroes 


5 



Munsee 

Peruvian Indians 

United States whites (miscel- 
laneous) 

United States negroes 



(11) 

(38) 




27 
29 


5 


27 
5 


27 
39 


IS 
11 




•> 


(118) 


1.7 


32.2 


13. f. 


15.2 


1(>. 1 


8.5 


,S. 5 


(16) 






25 


19 


37. 5 


<i 









4.2 
12. 5 



* The fourth, or teres major, border i.s present also, of course, in all instances of type 5, and in most speci- 
mens of type 4. It is particularly common in the Peruvian .scapula;. 

Superior border. — The form of the superior border of the scapula 
can be divided for purposes of description into (1) horizontal or 
shghtly rising and forming a right or nearly right angle with a ver- 
tical hue passing upward from the base of the coracoid; (2) moder- 
ately rising or oblique and straight or but slightly cm'ved, forming 
with the coracoid vertical an angle of between 85 and 55°; (3) markedly 
oblique, forming with the coracoid vertical an angle of less than 55°; 
(4) angular or deep saddle-shaped, which is of special importance 
anthropologically; and (5) markedly concave or semilunar (see pi. 
25). In rare instances a form (6) occurs, in which the border is 
low and moderately convex, and another (7) in which it is markedly 



I! 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 25 




THE SEVENTH CERVICAL VERTEBRA OF FEMALE MUNSEE SKELE- 
TON NO. 285,311, U.S.N. M., WITH A CERVICAL RIB 

SCAPULA OF FEMALE MUNSEE SKELETON NO. 285,328, U.S.N.M., 
SHOWING SEMILUNAR SHAPE OF THE SUPERIOR BORDER 



HRDLlfKA] 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



77 



concaTO-convex ; and, finally, there occurs now and then an mdeter- 
minato form (I), which can not be classified. 

LXI. FORM OF Tni-: SUPKRIOH BORDER OF THE SCAPULA IN THK MUNSEE AND 
IN OTHER RACIAL GROUPS 





Speci- 
mens 


Types* 


tiroiip 


1 


- 


3 


4 and 
near 4 


5 and 
near 5 


6 


7 


Munsec 


(l.i) 
(S2) 
(5:i) 

(11) 
(',».-.) 

(Li«2) 


Per ct. 


Per ct. 


Perct. 
3L2 
35. 4 
20.7 
1.5. S 
1.5. S 

11 


Per ct. 
25 
25. 6 
7.6 


Per ct. 

43.8 

4.9 


Per ct. 


Per ct. 


Northwest Coast Indians 


6.7 
16.9 

37. S 

15 


27.5 
54.7 
y<J. 1 
;{7. 9 

4s;. 5 






Southern I'tah clilT-dwellers 






Mexican Indians 


4. S 
17.9 

S.2 


2.4 

26. 3 

16.7 








0.3 


(t) 
0.5 


United States whites (misccllyne- 







*Type l=horizontal or but slightly inclined; 2= moderate to medium obliquity; 3= pronounced 
obliquity; 4= deep saddle-shaped; 5=semilimar; 6-=convex; 7= marlvedly concavo-convex, 
tin two specimens (2 per cent) the form of the border was unclassifiable. 

The data obtained in this particular on the Munsee and other 
Indian groups, as well as on a large series of whites, are given in the 
next table. It is very evident that racial and tribal differences of 
some importance exist in the shape of the border. Among the whites 
its most common form is type 2, or moderate to medium oblique, 
pronounced oblicpiity being infrequent; types 4 and 5 occur but 
rarely. In the Munsee there is a curious but doubtless local preva- 
lence of the semilunar type 5, the next most frequent form being 
that of pronounced obliquity; and one-fourth of the cases show the 
saddle form or an approach to it. Among other Indians the con- 
ditions differ. The cliff-dwellers of southern Utah come, on the 
whole, near to the whites; among the Mexican Indians low borders 
prevail, while among the Northwest Coast tribes we find the oppo- 
site condition — high borders, with a relative frequency of the angu- 
lar or saddle-shaped t3^pe (4 or near 4). It is an interesting fact that 
the last named form (4) is frequent and often highly developed in 
the Eskimo. 

The question occm*s as to how tiie form of the superior border differs 
in the two sexes and on the two sides, and the next table throws 
some light on these problems. It will be observed that among the 
Indians the differences between the males and the females arc not 
striking, though there is a tendency toward greater obliquity of the 
border in the males. Among the whites, types 1 and 4 are more 
common in the females than in the males; type 2 occm-s about the 
same number of times in the two sexes, while types 3 and 5 are more 
frequent in the males. 



78 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



LXII. FORM OF THE SUPERIOR BORDER IN MUNSEE AND OTHER INDIAN SCAPUL.E 
ACCORDING TO SEX AND SIDE 



Sex and side 


Speci- 
mens 


Types 


1 


2 


3 


4 


2-4 


3-4 







(84) 
(110) 


Per ct. 
11.9 
20 


Per ct. 
34.5 
35.5 


Per ct. 
33.3 
21.8 


Per ct. 
5.9 
5.5 


Perct. 
3.6 
4.5 


Per ct. 
3.6 
7 3 


Per ct. 

71 


Females (both sides) 


5 5 








Right (both sexes) 


(104) 
(90) 


1<H.3 

14.4 


33.6 

37.8 


22.1 
31.1 


S.7 
2.2 


5.8 
2.2 


6 7 


4 8 


Left (both sexes) 


4.5 


7.8 



As to the two sides, we find that a shghtly lesser tendency to 
marked obliquity of the border exists in the left than in the right 
scapula; while the bone of the right side shows greater frequency of 
the angular or deep saddle-shaped (type 4 or near 4). 

Scapular notch. — The notch in the scapular border, at the base of 
the coracoid, which, as is well known, transmits the suprascapular 
nerve, may be absent, shallow, medium deep, or converted into a 
complete foramen. ^Vmong the 21 scapulae of the Munsee and 431 of 
whites, the conditions in this respect, with reference to sex and side, 
are as follows: 

LXIII. SCAPULAR NOTCH IN THE MUNSEE AND IN WHITES 



Sex 


specimens ^^^ J 


Form 2 
(shallow) 


Form 3 
(mediimi) 


Form 4 
(deep) 


Form 5 
(complete 
foramen) 


Munsee: 

Male 


(9) 
(12) 

(57) 
(37) 

(267) 
(164) 


Per cent 


Per cent 
22 


Per cent 


Per cent 
67 
16 

10. 5 

2.7 

22.8 
16 


Per cent 
11 


Female 


8 

3.5 
5.4 

0.7 

3.7 


66 

15. 8 
24.3 

1.5.4 
15.2 






Peruvian Indians: 
Male 


70.2 
67.6 

57.3 
64 




Female 




Whites: 
Male . 


3.7 


Female 


1.2 


Side 
Munsee: 

Right side. 


(H) 
(10) 

(50) 
(«) 

(215) 




!(1 
61) 

22 
15.9 

11 




50 
30 

6 
9.1 

IS. 6 
21.8 


20 


Left side . 


10 

.4 
4.5 

2.3 
1.4 






Peruvian Indians: 
Right side... . 


68 
70.5 

62. 3 




Left side . . 




Whites: 

Right side. 


2. S 


Left side . . 


(216) 


17. 6 56. 5 


2.8 











It is plain that while among the whites the medium form of the 
notch very largely predominates, among the Munsee this form is 
absent, though this is doubtless accidental to some extent at least, 
owing to the relatively small number of specimens. The complete 
foramen is much more frequent in the Munsee than in the whites. 



hkdlk'ka] 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPK 



79 



As to the sexes, in l)otli the Munsee and the whites there is observ- 
able a predominance of the deeper forms and the complete foramen 
among the males, and of the shallower forms and the complete ab- 
sence of the notch in the females. 

As to sides, no characteristic differences in the notch appear. 

Ribs 

Owing to careful collection, a large majority of the ribs from the 
Munsee cemetery were preserved and are with their respective skele- 
tons, thus facilitating their study. Furthermore, we possess nearly 
all the bones of tlie spines, which show the rib facets. 

The ribs present are marked tliroughout by medium and normal 
development. Fractures are very rare, there being only two (in one 
subject) among the 166 ribs of tlie males, and but one in 196 ribs of 
the females.^ This s])eaks well for the peaceful life of the community. 

The number of ribs is normal (24) m every one of the adult males; 
among the females, however, there are two interesting anomalies — 
namely: In fen^ale no. 285,311 there are 25 ribs, the additional one 
being well developed, 6.5 cm. long, right cervical; this rib approaches 
in form the ordinary first rib, while both the latter are unusually long, 
bemg about one-third longer than any of the other female first ribs 
in the series. The spinal formula in this case, curiously enough, is 
only 7-12-4, the fifth lumbar being attached to the sacrum. The 
second anomaly is present in female skeleton no. 285,321, with the 
spinal formula of 7-1 1-5, and consists of the absence of the last pair 
of ribs. The congenitall}' absent dorsal vertebra is the tw^elfth. 

The first rib generally repays special examination, particularly as 
to its shape. This shows three main types — (1) the curved; (2) the 
mono-angidar or pistol-shaped, with a nearly straight neck and 
straight body; and (3) the biangidar, in which, besides the angle 
betwecni the neck and the body, there is another distmct angle in the 
body itself, so that the rib appears as if it consisted of three segments. 
Th(> rc^lative frequency of these forms the author has reason to believe 
will ho found to difi"er iu the race and sex, but as a rule it is the same 
on both sides. In the Munsee the shapes found were as follows: 

LXIV. MUNSEE: SHAPE OF RIBS 





Subjox'ts 


Tvpe 

1 or 

near 1 


Type 

2 or 

near 2 


Type 

3 or 

near 3 


Males 


(10) 
(12) 


Per cent 
70 
75 


Per cent 
20 
25 


Per cent 
10 


Females 









1 Or 8 in 1,000. Among the whites, dissecting-room material, in a total of 16,300 ribs examined, the 
author found fractures in the first rib in the proportion of 4 in 1,000; in the second rib, 20 in 1,000; and 
in the ribs below the second, 49.3 in 1,000. 



80 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 

The biangular form, which is fairly frequent in whites, is nearly 
absent in the Munsee, the one pair in the males presenting merely an 
approach to the form. 

Spine 

The entire number of vertebrae of 21 skeletons has been preserved, 
thus affording an excellent opportunity for studying the numerical 
relations of the bones, as well as other particulars. 

The bones are entirely normal, with the exception of the frequent 
slightly to moderately developed marginal exostoses (which, unless 
premature or excessive, the author regards more and more as the 
usual manifestations of age rather than of disease), and one case of 
advanced spondylitis deformans, resulting in fusion of the lower half 
of the spine and the sacrum. The bones show moderate to medium 
development and are free from gross anomalies. 

As to numbers, the cervical vertebrae show but one exception to the 
normal — namely, in male skeleton no. 285,326, in which only six 
vertebrae are present in this region. The locus of the (congenitally) 
missing one is between the third and the sixth, its exact identity being 
difficult to determine. In one of the females (no. 285,311) the 
seventh cervical, as already mentioned, gives attachment on the right 
to a w^ell developed cervical rib (pi. 25, a). 

The vertebrae of the dorsal region are also normal in number in all 
cases but one, which has been mentioned in connection with the ribs; 
it is no. 285,321, female, and presents a congenital absence of the 
twelfth vertebra. 

The numbers of the lumbar vertebrae show frequent variation. In 
two of the ten males and two of the eleven females there are but four 
lumbars, while in one female there are six. In detail we find the 
following abnormalities : 

In male skeleton no. 285,316, the fifth lumbar shows a transitional, 
sacral form, though not attached to the sacrum, and it also presents 
a detachment of the posterior part of its neural arch. 

In male no. 285,326, one of the lumbar vertebrae between the second 
and fifth is absent congenitally. 

In female no. 285,310, one of the lumbar vertebrae is missing con- 
genitally; the last lumbar in this case is in form like the fifth; the 
upper segment of the sacrum is somewhat lumbar-like, but the bone 
possesses only five segments and a normal curvature. 

In female no. 285,311, with four lumbar vertebrae, the fifth, some- 
what modified, is attached to the sacrum (pi. 27). 

In female no. 285,326, where we have six lumbar vertebrae, the last, 
like the lowest lumbar in male no. 285,316, shows a separation of the 
posterior portion of the neural arch. 

In male no. 285,308, the twelfth dorsal and the first lumbar show 
complete and evidently early non-pathological fusion. 




ff!^ 




■-^., 




y^ -r^-l^^r--^;! 




hrdliCka] 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



81 



Sacrxjm 
general observations and measurements 

The total number of serviceable specimens of sacra is 17, only 13 
of which, however (six males and seven females), are five-segment 
bones and sufficiently well preserved to afford the necessary measure- 
ments. The results show that, as usual, the male sacrum, whili\ in 
breadth nearly equal to that of the female, is perceptil)ly hij^her, 
in consequence of which the sacral index, or percental relation of 
breadth to height, is lower in the males. 

A comparison of the Munsee sacra with those of other Indians and 
United States whites shows marked agreement both in size and in the 
relative proportions of the bone in the males, but less in tlic females. 
As will be seen by the next table, the ^lunsee female sacrum is some- 
what lower than that of any of the other series.^ 

LXV. MUNSEE SACRUM: DIMENSIONS 



Average 

Average (including 
damaged speci- 
mens) 

Minimum (including 
damaged speci- 
mens) 

Maximum (including 
damaged speci- 
mens) 



Males 



Females 



Number 
of speci- 
mens 



(•■') 



All 



Height* 



cm. 
10.7 



All 9. 9 



All 



Breadth, 
maxi- 
mum 



cm. 
11.6 



Index 

B X 100 

H 



11.3 



Number 
of speci- 
mens 



(7) 



(11) 



(11) 



(11) 



Height 



cm. 
9.9 



Breadth, Index 
maxi- , B X 100 



cm. 
11.7 



mum H 



126.0 



♦Sacra of five segments only included; height measured with slidir^ compass, points of instrument 
applied to middle of promontory and to middle of anterior inferior b^ ,:r of V sacral vertebra. 

Emmons, who a few years ago, with the wi^iter's assistance, con- 
ducted an examination of 217 Indian female pelves,- obtained as a 
total average of his specunens (which however include also sacra of 
more than five segments), for the height 10 cm., breadth 11.5 cm., 
and index 115.8 — figures which stand in close accord with the above. 
In the Negro race and in the Australians the sacrum, as is well 
known, is relatively narrower; and in much larger degree this is also 
the case in the anthropoid apes. The relatively broad and short 
sacrum of the whites and the Indians may therefore be regarded as a 
feature of an advanced evolutionary character. 

1 The sacra from the Arkansas and Louisiana mounds, of which a small series was reported i>reviously 
by the writer (Remains from, Aruansas and Louisiana, op. cit.), appeared unusually high; in the iiuich 
larger series here presented, however, they are soon to form no exception in this respect to those of other 
Indians. 

'^ A. B. Emmons, A Study of the Variations in the Female Pelvis, Based on observalions made on 271 
Specimens of the American Indian Squaw, Biomrtrika, ix, 191.3, pp. 34-57. 

17135°— Bull. 62—16 6 



82 



BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
LXVI. SACRUM: COMPARATIVE DATA 



[BULL. 62 





Males 


Females 


Teople 


Number 
of speci- 
mens* 


Height 


Breadth 


Index 


Number 
of speci- 
mens 


Height 


Breadth 


Index 




(6) 

(IS) 

(22) 
(15) 

t (56) 


cm. 
10.7 

10.95 

10. S 
10.7 

10. 62 


cm. 
11.6 

12.2 

11.55 
11.36 

11.67 


10S.2 

111.6 

106.9 
106.2 

109.9 


(") 
(22) 

(10) 
(18) 

(25) 


cm. 
9.9 

10.2 

10. 1 
10. -t 

10.18 


cm. 
11.7 

11.96 

11.33 
11.5 

11.75 


118. 5 


Arkansas and Louisiana 


117.2 


Southern I'tah clilT- 


112.2 


Southwest and Mexico. . . 

I'nited Stales whiles 

( various nationalities)t. 


110. 6 
115.4 



* Five-segment sacra only. 

t There were two separate series which gave remarl^ably similar results: 

(a) Males: (26) ir. 10.6, B. 11.7, Ind. 115; females: (12) II. 10.2, B. 11.73, Ind. 115. 

(b) Males: (30) II. 10.63, B. 11.64, Ind. 115.S; females: (13) 11. 10.16, B. 11.77, Ind. 115.8. 

t Forty-six additional live-segment adult sacra, T)oth sexes together, gave the WTiter— height 10.4 , breadth 
11.76, index 113. 

SEGMENTS 

^Vinong the (Ught male Munsee sacra in which determination of the 
niunber of segments is feasible, six show five and two show six ver- 
tebrae, while among the 12 female bones there are 10 with five and 
two uith six segments. We have thus four six-segmented sacra 
in 20, or 20 per cent. Emmons, in 217 female Indian pelves, 
found six segments in 19.8 per cent of the cases. 

Among additional specimens examinefl by the writer, in 53 sacra 
of the southern Utah cliff-dwellers, five vertebrae were present in 
37, or 70 per cent; six in 15, or 28 per cent: and seven in one, or 
2 per cent. Of 42 sacra of Southwestern and Mexican Indians, 31, 
or 74 per cent, showed five; 10, or 24 per cent, six; and one, or 2 per 
cent , seven segments. As to whites, among 503 sacra of miscellaneous 
Americans of both sexes, five segments were present in only 66.4 
per cent of the bones; six segments in 31 per cent; seven segments in 
2 per cent, and eight in 0.4 per cent, while the whole coccyx was 
attached, non-pathologically, m one mstance. The frequency of more 
than five vertebrae in the sacrum is therefore slightly to decidedly 
less in probably aU the tribes of Indians than in the United States 
whites. 

CURVATURE 

Tlie curvature of the sacrum in the Munsee can be described in 18 
of the 20 specimens as medium, while in two (one male and one 
female) it is submedium. This agrees closely with the author's 
observations on this feature in other Indians. In the United States 
whites the proportion of regular and medium forms is smaller, while 
nt)t infrequently there exists m the sacrum of whites a pronounced 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 




yi.■■'-,^^^■ 






i^^i! 



^f^-^imkf^ 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 27 






FEMALE MUNSEE SACRUM SHOWING UNILATERAL ARTICULATION 
WITH THE LAST FIFTH LUMBAR 



HKPLK-KAJ PHYSICAL ANTIIROPOLOO V OF THE LENAPE 83 

curvature, which is very rare in the Indian. Among 115 Indian 
sacra from Arkansas, Louisiana, the Southwest, and Mexico, the 
wi'iter found moderate or medium curvature in 75, or 65 per cent; 
submedium to slight in 24, or 21 per cent; and pronomiced (though 
never excessively) in 16, or 14 per cent. Among the 217 specimens 
examined by Emmons, moderate or medium curvature was present 
in 148, or a little more than 67 per cent; submedium in 52, or 24 per 
cent; and pronouncinl in 18, or 8 per cent. 

llie curve of the sacrum begins in the Munsec (and the same is 
true of other Indians) in a majority of cases with the first or U])per- 
most segment, but i]i numerous instances with the second vertebra. 
More in detad, among the 20 Munsee sacra, in 13, or 65 per <'cnt, 
the curve began with the first; in six, or 30 per cent, with the second; 
and in one, or 5 per cent of the cases, with the third vertebra. 
Among 113 sacra of both sexes from Arkansas, Louisiana, the South- 
west, and Mexico, examined by the writer, the curve began in 52, 
or 46 per cent of the cases, with the first; in 42, or 37 per cent, with 
the second; in 14, or 12 per cent, with the third; and in five, or 4 
per cent, with the fourth vertebra. In the female series studied by 
Emmons, the curve began in 41.5 per cent of the cases with the first; 
in 27 per cent with the second; in 22.5 per cent with the third; in 
7.4 per cent with the fourth; aiid in L8 per cent with the fifth seg- 
ment. Among whites, in 224 sacra of five segments examined })y 
the writer, the curve began with the first vertebra in 87 per cent; 
with the second in 5.4 per cent; and with the third in 7.6 per cent of 
the cases. It is therefore evident that the anterior curve of the 
sacrum begins more frequently higher up in the whites than in the 
Indians. This peculiarity is probably connected with a somewhat 
greater curvature, even on the average, in the sacrum of whites. 

OssA Innominata and Pelvis 

THE OSSA IXXOMINATA 

The total number of adult innomijiate bones of the Munsee, avail- 
able for examination and measurement, is 37, ami in general the 
bones are remarkable for their regular development, with complete free- 
dom from pathological conditions and from th(^ more important anom- 
alies. They are also of medium dimensions and weight througliout. 

The measurements of the bones show that in the paired specimens, 
in both sexes, they are of nearly the same dimensions on the two 
sides. The male bones exceed those of the female in both height 
and breadth, and especially in the former, but relatively to its height 
the female innominate is broader than that of the male, as a result 
of which the innominate height-breadth index is higher in the 
females. 



84 



BUEEAU OF AMEKICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[BLLL. G2 



LXVII. MUNSEE: INNOMINATE BONES 

MALES 





Right 


Left 




1 

o 

o 

1 


Height maximum 

(ischio-iliac) 

(a) 


o 

B 
a 


If 

la 


» 

O 

"o 

a 


Ix 

o 

1 


(S 


2 

1 

o 
u 

Si 

a 


1 

a 

is 

s 

be 


3 
o 

a 

2; 


la 


o 

a 


•§ 

a 
•Sx 

ae 

o 

C 


53 


Average: 
Pairs.. - 
All 


(") 
(") 
(7) 


cm. 
21.2 

21.2 
20.8 
22.2 


(5) 
(6) 
(6) 
(6) 


cm. 
15.6 

15.6 
15.1 
16.2 


(5) 
(6) 
(6) 
(6) 


73 

73. S 


(5) 
(6) 
(6) 
(6) 


21.2 
21.3 

20.8 
21.8 


(o) 
(5) 
(5) 


cm. 
15.6 
15.6 
15.2 

IG 


(••5) 


73.2 


Minimum. . 
Maximum.. 


70. 

75. 


7 
1 




70.7 
74.5 



Average: 
Pairs.., 
All 

Minimum 

(all) 

Maximum 

(all) 



(11) 


20.1 


(5) 


14.95 


(5) 


75.6 


(11) 


20.1 


('>) 


U.9 


(5) 


(11) 


20.1 


(S) 


15.2 


(S) 


75.9 


(13) 


20 


(10) 


14.75 


(10) 


(11) 


18.5 


(8) 


13.6 


(S) 


72 


(13) 


18.5 


(10) 


13. 5 


(10) 


(11) 


20.7 


(8) 


16 


(S) 


78.9 


(13) 


20.8 


(10) 


15. 8 


(10) 



75.1 

74.5 



69.5 

78 



Comparative data on the innominate bones are given in the next 
table. The Arkansas and Louisiana specimens, as well as those of 
other Indians, agree closely with those of the Munsee. The innomi- 
nate of the whites, on the other hand, is both higher and especially 
broader, hence it shows a higher index in both sexes, Emmons, 
from his 217 Indian female pelves, obtained as an average height 
of the innominate 19.3 cm., and as the breadth 14.5 cm., with a 
mean index of 74.8. These results agree closely with those of the 
writer and strengthen the evidence that the innominate bones in the 
Indians average somewhat smaller in ])oth dimensions, and are also 
somewhat narrower relatively than those in the whites. 



LXVIII. 



COMPARISON OF THE MUNSEE OSSA INNOMINATA WITH THOSE OF OTHER 
INDIANS AND OF WHITES 





Right 


Left 


• Group 


Speci- 
mens 
(pairs) 


Height 
maxi- 
mum 

(ischio- 
iliac) 


Breadth 
maxi- 
mum 


Innomi- 
nate 
index 


Height 
maxi- 
mum 

(ischio- 
iliac) 


Breadth 
maxi- 
mum 


Innomi- 
nate 
iud<ix 


Munsee. 


(16) 
(13) 
(20) 
(12) 
(32) 


cm. 
21.3 
21.2 
20.5 
20.7 
22. 03 


cm. 
15. 6 
15.4 
1.5:0 
15.2 
16. 43 


73.4 

72.7 
73.2 
73.7 
74.6 


cm. 
21.2 
21.3 
20.5 
20.7 
22.1 


cm. 
15.6 
15. 35 
15 

15.2 
16.47 


73. 2 


Arkansas and Louisiana 

Southern Utah clifE-dwcUers 


72.1 
73.3 
73.5 


United States whites . . . 


74.45 







hrdlickaJ 



PHYSICAL AXTliROl'OLOCV OF THE LENAPE 



85 



LXVIII. COMPARISON OF THE MUNSEE OSSA INNOMINATA WITH THOSE OF OTHKR 
INDIANS AND OF OTHER WHITES-Tontinuod 





Right 


Left 


Group 


Speci- 
mens 
(pairs) 


Height 
maxi- 
mum 

(ischio- 

iliau) 


Breadth 
maxi- 
mum 


Innomi- 
nate 
hidex 


Height 
maxi- 
mum 

(isehio- 
iliac) 


Breadth 
maxi- 
llium 


Iniiomi- 
uate 
index 


Miinsof 


(11) 

(^) 

(7) 

(12) 

(20) 


c in. 
20. 1 
19. s 
19 

19. 1 
20.2 


C77(. 

11.9.5 
l.-> 

M.3 
U.6 
15. 73 


75. i; 

75. 7 
75. i 
7(1. 6 
77.9 


cm. 
20.1 
19. 95 
19.1 
19.2 
20.1 


cm. 
M. 9 
15.1 
14.2 
1-4. 75 
15. 7 




Arkansas and Louisiana 

Southern Utah clitT-dwellers 

Southwest and Mexico 

United States wiiitos 


( .). 1 
71). 1 
71.fi 
7(1. S 
7S.1 



THE PELVIS AS A WHOLE 

The Munsee pelves available for measurement comprise those of 
sLx males and ten females. They are free from all deformation, and 
present the usual sexual characteristics with regard to massiveness, 
the flare of the ilia, the subpubic angle, and the width of the great 
sciatic notch. 

The articulated pelves, with a slight space left for the pubic carti- 
lage, gave measurements shown in the table below. The male pelvis, 
it is seen, is somewhat larger than the female in both of its mean 
external dimensions, and is also somewhat higher relatively, as a 
result of which it shows a higher h(>iglit-breadth index. 



LXIX. MUNSEE: I'ELVIS AS A WHOLE 
MALE 





Number 


Mean 

height of 

ossa iniiom- 

inata 


Breadth 

maximum 

of pelvis 


I'elvie 
index* 


Superior Strait 




Broadtii 
maximum 

(0) 


Diameter t 

anlero- 

pasterior 

(6) 


Brim index 

b X 100 

a 


Average.. 


00 
('■') 
(fi) 


cm. 
21. 2 
20. S 
21.5 


cm. 
20. 7 
24.4 
2*<. 2 


7S.9 
76.6 
.S.5. 9 


cm. 
12.1 
11.6 
12. S 


cm. 
10.6 
9.6 
11.2 


N7..S 


Minimum. . . . 


"s. 7 


Maximum 


9s. :< 



Average. .. 
Minimum. 
Maxunum. 



(10) 
(10) 
(10) 



19. 95 
is. .-. 
20.7 



25.9 
24.1 

27. S 



77.0 



13.0 
12.3 
13. S 



11.0 
9.1 
12. 5 



*Mean height of innominate bone s X 100 

maximum breadth of pelvis 
t Promontory of sacrum, to nearest point on tlie inner lip of piibic l>onfts. 



84.5 
70.7 
94.4 



86 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



The pelvic cavity at the superior strait or brim is more spacious, 
both antero-posteriorly and hxterally, in the Munsee female than in 
the male, and it is also somewhat broader relatively to its depth, as a 
result of which it gives a somewhat lower depth-breadth index. 

On comparison with the pelves of the mound-building Indians of 
the Arkansas and Louisiana mounds, those of the Southwest and 
Mexico, and those of United States whites, it is seen that the Munsee 
pelvis, as a whole, is of moderate dunensions, especially in its breadth, 
which is slightly smaller than that in any of the other groups in the 
males and in most of the females. Because of this fact, the height- 
breadth index of the pelvis in the Munsee is relatively high — higher 
than that of any of the other Indians. It is exceeded in this respect 
only by the pelvis of the white males. 

An even more marked peculiarity of the Munsee pelvis applies to 
its inlet or brim. As will be seen by a glance at the figures, this is rela- 
tively narrow and deep in both sexes; the lateral diameter, with a 
single minor exception, is the lowest, and the diameter antero-posterior 
the highest of all the groups. As a result of this condition, the brim 
index of the Munsee in both males and females is exceptionally high. 



LXX. 



COMPARISON OF THE MUNSEE PELVIS WITH THAT OF OTHER INDIANS AND 

OF WHITES 



Group 


Speci- 
mens 
(pairs) 


Mean 

height of 

ossa in- 

nominata 


Greatest 
breadth of 

pelvis 
(between 
outer lips 
of crests)* 


Pelvic 
index 


Diameter 
lateral 

maximum 
of brim 


Diameter 
antero- 
posterior 
maximum 
of brim 


Brim 
index 




(0) 
(23) 

(23) 
(15) 
(32) 


cm. 
21.2 
21. 55 

20.6 
20.6 
22. 06 


cm. 
26.7 
2S. 1 

26.85 

27 

27.1 


78.9 
76.7 

76.7 
76. 2 

81.4 


cm. 
12.1 
L? 

12.4 
12. 3 
12.7 


cm. 
10. 6 
10.4 

10 
9.7 
9.64 


87.8 


Arkansas and Louisiana 
Southern Utah cliff- 
dwellers 


79.8 
80.6 


Southwest and Mexico. . 
United States whites. . . 


78. 7 
75. 9 



Munsee 

Arkansas and Louisiana 
Southern Utah clilT- 

dwellers 

Southwest and Mexico. . 
United States whites... 



(10) 


19. 95 


25.9 


77.0 


13 


11 


(12) 


19.7 


26.8 


73.5 


13. 33 


10. 74 


(7) 


19. 05 


25.4 


74. 5 


13.1 


10. 1 


(12) 


19. 15 


25.7 


74.4 


12.9 


10.75 


(20) 


20. 16 


27.05 


74. 5 


13. 35 


10. 73 



84.5 
81.4 

77.4 
83.1 
80.4 



*The pelvis being held in articulation. 

The brim index in general shows unexpected irregularity from 
group to group and between the two sexes. In the Munsee and the 



HRDLI^KA] 



PHYSICAL ANTTIROPOLOOY OF THE LRNAPF, 



87 



southoni Utah clifr-dwcllors it is hiijhor in the males; in the other 
Iiuliaiis and in the whites it is higher in the fenuUes; and the range 
of its groupal as well as individual variation is consideral)le. As all 
the specimens were measured by tlie autlior with tlie same instru- 
ments, by the same method, and with equal care, the difTerences can 
not be attributed to error, hence the only reasonable conclusion is 
that even under normal conditions (for these series contain no 
deformed or pathological pelves) the absolute^ as well as the relative 
dimensions of the superior strait arc capal)le of not a little fluctua- 
tion, attributable, it seems, in some measure at legist, to an early 
unequal development of the soft parts })oth within and without the 
pelvic cavity. 

In order to satisfy himself further on this point, tlie writer extracted 
a number of the hirger series of ])elvic measurements from iMumons's 
data, and from the next table it will be seen that, although they 
relate to females oidy, the groupal variation is also marked. Yet 
these differences among the Indians rarely if ever fall ladow what 
may be considered normal limits, or such a limit as would in the 
female still permit of safe childbirth under otluu- normal conditions. 
They are tlierefore what may be called infunctional or transfiinctional 
fluctuations. 

LXXI. FKMAT.E INDIAN PELVIS: SUPERIOR STRAIT* 



Northwest coast . 

California 

Sioux 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

New Mexico .... 

Arizona 

Mexico 

Peru 



(Jroup 



Diameter 
Specimens antero- 
posterior 



(31) 
(10) 
(12) 
((i) 
(8) 
(10) 
(57) 
(15) 
(13) 



cm. 
12.99 
i;?.2 
13. 03 
13. 32 
13.09 
13. 26 
12. S7 
12.71 
12.71 



Diameter 
lateral 



cm. 
10.7 
10. 56 
10. 9H 
10. 93 
10. 66 
10. 43 
9.52 
10. 93 
10.12 



Index 



H2.39 

HO 

S4.26 
S2. 01 
81.42 
7H.65 
71.01 
M. 55 
79. ."kS 



* E m mons 's ser ies . 

Short and Other Boxes 

PATELLA 

The patella, the largest of the sesamoid bones, ofTei-s tinee (limensions 
for measurements, namely, the maximum lieight, the maximum breadth, 
and the maximum thickness; and the mean of these diametei-s, the 
patellar module, is a convenient unit for comparing tlic size of the l)one. 

The 30 patella present in the Munsee collection give iH-ojJortious 
which are tabulated below. The male bone is ja-rccptibly larger in 
aU dimensions than the female. There are l)ut small dilb-iciiccs us 



88 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



to side, and tliey are probably due in a measure, if not entii^ely, to 
the small number of specimens. The mean diameter or module is 
practically the same on both sides in both the male and the female. 
The breadth-height mdex averages slightly over 100 and offers noth- 
ing definitely distinctive either as to sex or to side. It varies in males 
from 91.7 to 107.4, in the females from 93.8 to 107.9. 



LXXII. MUNSEE: PATELLA 



Pair 

All 

Minimum (all). 
Maximum (all) 

Average: 

Pairs 

AU 

Minimum (all) 
Maximum (all) 



Right 



Num- 
ber 



(I) 
(0) 
(") 
(<i) 



w 

(10) 
(10) 
(10) 



Height, 
maxi- 
mum 



cm. 
4.5 
4.41 
4.2 
4.0 



Num- 
ber 



(<;) 
((■') 
(fi) 



Breadth, 
maxi- 
mum 



4.6 

4. 57 

4.4 

4.8 



Num- 
ber 



(-1) 
(6) 
(6) 
(6) 



Thick- 
ness, 
maxi- 
mum 



Left 



cm. 

2. n 

2.06 
L95 
2.3 



Num- 
ber 



W 
(6) 
(6) 
(6) 



Breadth- 

height 
index 



4.6 


(-1) 


4.55 


w 


2.1 


w 


4. 36 


(11) 


4.38 


(12) 


2.04 


(10) 


4 


(11) 


3.9 


(12) 


L85 


(10) 


4.8 


(11) 


J. 7 


(12) 


2. 25 


(10) 



102.8 

103. 6 
97.8 
105. 9 



98.9 

100. 5 
91.7 
107. 4 



Average: 

Pairs 

All 

Minimum (all) 

Maximum (all) 

Average: 

■ Pairs 

All 

Minimum (all). 
Maximum (all) 



Right 



(5) 



Num- 
ber 


Height, 
maxi- 
mum 


Num- 
ber 


Breadth, 
maxi- 
mum 


Num- 
ber 


Thick- 
ness^ 

maxi- 
mum 


Num- 
ber 




cm. 




cm. 




cm. 




(.-') 


3.93 


i'>) 


4.02 


i») 


L73 


(•^) 


(9) 


3.93 


(9) 


3.97 


(11) 


1.75 


(9) 


(9) 


3.7 


(9) 


3.7 


(11) 


1.5 


(9) 


(9) 


4.1 


(9) 


4.3 


(11) 


1.9 


(9) 



Left 



Breadth- 
height 
index 



102.3 

100.4 
93.8 
107.9 



3.93 


{r>) 


4.05 


(•S) 


1.76 


('>) 


3.95 


(•^) 


4.05 


(«) 


1.76 


i'^) 


3.8 


(5) 


3. 8.5 


(S) 


1.5 


(r>) 


4. 05 


(r)) 


4.1 


(8) 


1.95 


('') 



103.1 
103. 1 
96.2 
107. 9 



Module (mean diameter)— Males: right, 3.74; left, 3.75; females: right, 3.23; left, 3.25. 

A comparison of the Munsee patella with that of whites shows 
that the latter is slighbly larger in both sexes and on both sides; its 
relative proportions, however, are very much the same, except that 
the bono in white males on both sides appears to be relatively 



HKDLI('''KA] 



PHYSICAL ANTITROPOLOr.Y OF TTFE I.ENAPE 



89 



slightly higher than hi the females, wiiich, while also true of the 
Miinsee on the right side, does not hold true for the left. 

LXXni. PATELL.^E: AfUNSEE AND WHITES 

MALES 





Speci- 
mens 
(pairs) 


Right 


Left 


Group 


Height 


Breadth 


Thifk- 

nesg 


Breadth- 
height 
inde.x 


Height 


Breadth 


Thirk- 

lioss 


Breadth- 
height 
index 


Miinsee 


(N) 

*(2()n) 


cm. 
4.5 
4.56 


cm. 
. 4.6 
4. 64 


cm. 
2.11 
2. If, 


102. S 
101.7 


cm. 
4.6 
4. .'•.2 


cm. 
4. ."io 
4. 66 


cm. 
2.1 

2.17 


9S.9 
im. 2 


United States whites. 



Module (mean diameter)— Males: Mnnsee, right, 3.74; left, 3.75; whites, right, 3.78; left, 3.78. 

FEMALES 



Munsee 

United States whites. 



(10) 
*(100) 



:{. 9:f 
4.02 



4. 02 
4. Oii 



1.7:i 
1.9 



102.3 
100. 2 



3. ftS 
3. 97 



4.05 
4.08 



1.76 
1.9 



103. 1 
102. 7 



Module— Female.s: Munsee, right, 3.23; left, 3.25; whites, right, 3.32; left, 3.32. 
* Males: 100 right, 100 left; females: 50 right, 50 left patelhe. 

The Munsee patella, while in general slightly smaller than tluit of 
the whites, will be seen from the comparative data in the accompany- 
ing ta))le to average somewhat larger than that of other Indians avail- 
able for comparison. The larger size in all dimensions of the white 
man's patella than that of the Indian is doubtless due to the greater 
muscularity of the white subjects from which the bones were derived 
and who belonged almost exchisivel};- to the laboring classes. 

Of the 30 Munsee pateUte, 15 show a moderate to well developed 
semilunar notch in the lateral border of the bone, for the vastm 
latd-alis (pi. 28, h). The patellae of female skeleton no. 285,811 are de- 
cidedly obhque, especially that on the left side; and the patelhe of 
female no. 285321 show each an exceptionally long a])ex. 

LXXIV. THE MODULE OR ME.VN DL\METER OF THE PATELLA IN THE MUNSEE 

.\ND OTHER GROUPS 





Male 


Femalr 


Grou[ 


Right 

cm. 
3.74 
3.54 
.3.61 
3.49 
3.7S 


Left 

cm. 
3.75 
3. 50 
3. 5.S 
3.49 
3.78 


Right 


Left 




cm. 

3. 2.3 
3.17 
3 


cm. 
W. 25 


Arkansas and Louisiana 


3. 17 








3.32 


:i. .vs 







90 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



BONES OF THE HAND 

While the total number of bones of the hands in the Munsee ma- 
terial aggregate nesirly 700, there are very few complete sets. It 
is nevertheless possible to ascertain that in general the hand of the 
Munsee was of moderate to mediinn development, and remarkedly 
normal in conformation. Among the females, some of the bones are 
quite small. The only anomaly worthy of mention is the presence 
of rudimentary hamuli on both unciforms in one of the male subjects 
(no. 285,808).' 

The proportional length of the hand can be judged from tlie 
measurements of the first metacarpal, and from the relation of this 
length to that of the humerus on the same side. The following table 
gives these dimensions. It is seen that the length of the first meta- 
carpal in the male exceeds somewhat that of the female, aud also 
that the length of the right bone exceeds slightly that of the left. 
The metacarpo-humeral index is somewhat higher on the right in 
the males, indicating a somewhat greater length of the hand on the 
right side in that sex. In the females the small number of speci- 
mens makes the result in this respect uncertain. 

LXXV. MUNSEE: FIRST METACARPAL 





Right 


Left 




Number of 
specimens 


I.engtli, 
maximum 


*Metaearpo- 

humeral 

index 

mcXlOO 

H 


Number of 
specimens 


Length, 
maximum 


Metacarpo- 

liumeral 

index 


Average: 


(•■">) 
(8) 


cm. 
4.6 
4.7 

4.2 
5.1 


14.5 
14.5 

12.9 
1(>. 2 


(r.) 
(•'') 

(5) 
(5) 


cm. 
4.5 
4.5 

4. 25 

4.8 


14 1 


Total present 


14.1 


Minimum (total present) 

Maximum (total present) 


12.9 
15 



Average: 

Pairs 

Total present 

Minimum (total present). 
Maximum (total present). 



• (5) 


4.3 


14 


(f') 


4.3 


m 


4.4 


14.3 i 


(7) 


4.2 


(«) 


3. 9 


13. 2 


(7) 


3. 75 


(8) 


4. S 


15.3 


(7) 


4.8 



14.3 
13.9 

12.8 

15. 8 



* Maximum lengtli of first metaca rpal XI 00 
Maximum length of humerus. 

A comparison of the first metacarpal in the Munsee and in the 
United States whites shows that this bone in the Munsee on both 
sides (and in both sexes) is somewhat shorter, indicating a smaller 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 23 




U.S.N.M., 
U.S.N.M., 

INTERNAL CUNEIFORM OF MALE MUNbbt ^r^tL... , u,; '^^^-285,301, 

USNM SHOWING EACH A DOUBLE METATARSAL FACET 
PAIROFFEMALE MUNSEE SCAPHOIDS SHOWING UNUSUAL BROAD 
TALUS FACET AND PECULIAR TUBEROSITY 



a PATELLA OF FEMALE MUNSEE SKELETON NO. 285,311, 

SHOWING MARKED OBLIQUITY 
h PATELL/E OF FEMALE MUNSEE SKELETON NO. 285,309, 
SHOWING PRONOUNCED VASTUS NOTCH 
CUNEIFORM OF MALE MUNSEE SKELETON NO 



HIiDLlrKA] 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPR 



91 



hand. This is also apparent in tho meta( arpo-hnmoral index, w^ich 
on both sides in the whites is higher than in tlie ^hnisee. 'Hie abso- 
lute and rehitive snndhiess of tl)e Indimi hand, pjirticnhirly in the 
males and on the right side, is doubtless due to its lesser use. 

LXXVr. FIRST METACARPAL IN MUNSEE AND IN WHITES 



Both sexes 


Specimens 


Lenpth, 
maximum 


Metaoarpo- 

humoral 

index 


Specimens 


Length, 
maximum 


Metacarpo- 

Inimcral 

index 




(16) 
(94) 


cm. 

i. 5.-) 
L()9 


14.4 
14.9 


(12) 

(Co) 


cm. 
4.35 
4.13 


14 




14 3 







BONES OF THE FEET 

Owing to their lai'ger size and greater difTerentiatioii, a ninnbcT of 
the bones of the feet, ptu"ticularly of tlic tiu-sus, yield material for 
measurement and specisil observation, and have received rather 
extended attention by anatomists and anthropologists,* but as yet 
tliere is no perfect uniformity in the methods of measurement or of 
description. Tlie wi'iter's object in selecting his measurements and 
]ioints for description was to employ only those that jippear to be 
the most sensible and significant, the most readily standardized, and 
involving no details, save in cases that may be of special importance. 

First Metatarsal 

As the first metacarpal serves in a measure as an index of the 
size of the hand, so the lii-st metatarsal gives an indication of that 
of the foot. The proportional length of the foot can further be 
judged from the percental relation of the fii-st metatarsal to the 
f(unur. The relatitm between the size of the feet and that of tlie 
hands is expressed by tlie pollex-liallux index, or perceiitid relation 
between the first metacarpal and the first metatarsal. 

There are in all 36 first metatai-sals among the Munsee bones, the 
measurements and relations of which are given in the above tal)le. 
It will be seen that the length of the bone is, on the average, greater 
in the males than in the females, but it does not differ perceptibly on 
tlie two sides of the Ixxly in either sex. 

The hallux-femm- index is practically equal on the two sides 
((hffering oidy in centesimals), and is larger in the nudes tlian in 
the females, showing that tlie foot of the Munsee male was not 
only somewhat larger than that of the femah^ but was also larger 

■ S P Lazaras, Zur Morphologic des Fufsskelettes, Morphol. Jahrb., xxiv. H. L repr., s% LoipziK, isac; 
W Pfitzner Ileitrigo zur Kenntniss des menschlichen Exlremiliitenskelels, Morphol. Arbcilev, i, U 1, 
Jena 1S91- Tli Volkov Variations Kquehtliqucs du pied chez If s primaUs ,t danUts ractiihumame.v Thise 
docto'rale de la Facultr des Sciences, Paris, 1905; ('has. Fraipont, L'Astragalc de Vhommv Mouslfrun etc., 
8° Bnixelles 1912; M. Reicher, Leitrag zur AnUiropoIcgie des Calcaneus, ^rcAiv/urvl n/Aro/Woj/.f, ^.I•., 
xil, II. 2, 1913; S. Poniatowski, Badania Antropologiczne nad K6scia Skokowa (Anthropological Studies 
of the Talus), Prace Towarzystwa Naukorvego Warxzawskiego, 1913. 



92 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



in that sex in relation to the length of the femur and the stature. 
This relative excess of the foot is more marked than was that of 
the hand, and in alF probability is a result of greater functional 
activity, the male Indians being excessive walkers and rmuiers. 

A comparison of the first metatarsal in the Munsee and in the United 
States whites shows that in the latter, in both sexes, the bone is 
longer, indicating, on the average, a longer foot. The difference is 
especially marked on the left side and is probably both racial and 
functional. 

As a residt of the greater length of the })one in the Ignited States 
whites, whose average stature is very nearly that of the Munsee, 
we find that their hallux-femur index is decidedly higher than that 
of the Munsee, especially on the left side. The white man's foot is 
therefore not only longer absolutely, but also relatively as compared 
with the femur and, indirectly, the stature. 

The foot of the whites is also somewhat longer relatively to the 
hand, than that of the Munsee, and especially on the left side, which 
gives us a lower pollex-hallux index for the whites. 



LXXVII. MUNSEE: FIRST METATARSAL 
MALES 





Hisht 


Left 




P 






* 

X 




.g 


a 






0/ 




c 




a 

p. 


a 
a 

1 


o 


.1 
3 


o 


o1 


ft 
o 


a 
I 

y. 

03 

a 


"o 


B 

y, 
_2 


03 
O 


2 
o 

gx 






xT 




y. 




i'" '• 




^'' 




y 




S 




a 


bD 


a 


Oj 


a 


1 1 


a 


g 


ti 




a 


i5 




;z; 


^ 


•a 


(^ 


» 


s 


^ 


^^ 


'A 


HI 


z 


a 


Average: 




cm. 












cm. 












(6) 
(11) 


6.5 


(-1) 

(S) 


70.4 


(5) 


14.7 


(!)) 


6.5 


(^) 
(4) 


69.2 


(5) 


14 7 


Total present. 


6.5 


72.4 


(9) 


14.5 


(8) 


6.48 


69.2 


(') 


14.2 


Minimum (total 


























present) 


(11) 


6.1 


(8) 


65. 1 


(9) 


13.8 


(8) 


6.3 


W 


65. 4 


(7) 


12.9 


Maximum (total 


























present) 


(11) 


6.8 


(8) 


76.6 


(9) 


15. 1 


(8) 


6.8 


W 


71.1 


(7) 


15. 2 



Average: 

Pairs 

Total present 
Minimum (total 

present) 

Maximum (total 
present 



(7) 


6.0 


(4) 


73.2 


(6) 


14.2 


(7) 


6.0 


(^) 


73.9 


CO 


(8) 


5.97 


(7) 


72.2 


(7) 


14.1 


(9) 


5.91 


(0) 


72.4 


(7) 


(8) 


5. 5 


(7) 


70.9 


(7) 


1:3.5 


(9) 


5.45 


(«) 


67 


(7) 


(8) 


6. 45 


(7) 


75. 4 


(7) 


15. 1 


(9) 


6.4 


(li) 


77.4 


(7) 



14.2 

14.1 



13. 5 

15. 2 



♦ Maximum length of first metacarpal X 100 
Ma.>cimum length of first metatarsal. 



t Maxim u m length o f first m etata rsal X 100 
Bicondylar length of femur. 



miDLK-KA] PHYSICAL AXTII ROPOI.OCV OF THK LENAPK 



93 



LXXVIII. THE FIRST METATARSAL, IN THE MUNSEE AND 1\ UNITED STATES 

WHITES 





Right 


Left 


Both sexes 


Speci- 
mens 


I.enplh, 
maxi- 
mum 


Halhix- 
fenuir 
index 


Pollex- 
hallux 
inde.x 


Speci- 
mens 


Length, 
maxi- 
mum 


Hallux- 
femur 
inde.K 


Pnllex- 
hallux 
iude-ic 




(li)) 
(51) 


cw. 
(>.3 
().6 


14.3 
l.-i.:5 


72. 3 
71.1 


(17) 


CVl. 

6.2 

6.7 


14. 15 
15.5 




United Stales while;*.... 


()G. 1 



* The indexes in whites are close approximations. 

Os Colds 

Being tho largost hone of the tarsus, and the most iinpoiiant 
functionally, the os calcis, or calcaneus, seems to deserve closer 
attention by antlii'opologists than it usmiUy receives. 

The hone presents three different and fairly easily ascertainable 
dimensions: (1) the greatest length of the whole bone; (2) the 
minimum breadth or thickness of the body; and (3) the height of 
the body jit its greatest constriction. It further offers several inter- 
esting pomts for visual observation. 

The total number of calctuiei in tlie JSIunsee material is 51, which 
gives a fair male and female series. The following ttible sliows tht^ 
measurements on 40 of those that are paired and licnce most suit- 
able for comparison. 

L.XXIX. .MUNSEE BONES: OS CALCIS 

MALES 



Specimens 
(pairs) 



.\ verage •. \ 

Minimum J 

Maximum 

.Vveragc 

Minimum 

Maximum \ 



I>ength, 
maximum 



S. 1 
8.05 
7.7 
7.5 

.S.5 
8.5 



Breadth, 
minimum 
of body * 



Height of 
body t 



cm. 
2.74 
2.72 
2.5 
2. 45 
3 
3 



cm. 
4.07 
4.07 
3.7 
3.8 
4.5 
4.5 



Breadth- 
lengl h 
index 



3;j.9 

33.87 

30.1 

28.1 

37.7 

37.3 



Breadth- 
height 
index 



7.35 
7.3 



6.7 

7.7 



2.4 

2.38 
2 

1. 95 
2.65 

2. 65 



3.6 
3.6 

3.2 
3.3 
3.8 
3.9 



32.9 
33.1 
28.2 

28. 7 
34. 7 
.34.3 



67.4 
6().9 
61.6 
62.2 
72.5 
73.7 



(Hi. 9 

66.4 

(K).6 

59 

71.6 

70.4 



* Branches oUompa, gimiirc applied to the si.les of the bone in the region of minimum thickne.ss of 

the body. , ■ , , , , 

t Maximum lieight at greatest coastrict ion of body, obtained by moving ti.e b-ne from side to side 
between the points of the branches of the compos glissiire. 



94 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 

It will be observed that, as is usual with other j^arts of the skeleton, 
the male bone is somewhat larger than the female; also that the 
right OS calcis averages very slightly larger than the left in length 
and breadth, but is equal in both sexes to that of the left side in 
height. Reducing the three average measurements to a mean diam- 
eter, or module, we obtain for the males on the right, 4.97 cm.; on 
the left, 4.95 cm.; for the females, right, 4.45 cm.; left, 4.43 cm. 
showing that the difference in the mass of the bones on the two sides 
is very small. 

The three measurements of the os calcis give rise to two indexes: 
one expressing the percental relation between its breadth and length, 
the other showing a similar relation between its breadth and height. 
The breadth-length index is somewhat higher in the males than in 
the females, but in the paired bones does not differ very appreciably on 
the two sides. Taking all the bones, as in the next table, we see that 
the index in the males predominates slightly over that in the females, 
which, judging from the constancy of the condition in the several 
series of specimens used for comparison, is probably also the true 
condition in the Munsee. It indicates a tendency in the males 
toward not only absolutely but also relatively slightly thicker calca- 
neus. 

The breadth-height index, like the breadth-length proportion, is 
also slightly higher on both sides in the males than in the females, 
and in both sexes on the right than on the left side. As the height 
is the same on the two sides, this shows exactly the slightly greater 
relative thickness of the bone in the males than in the females, and 
on the right than on the left side. The phenomenon is doubtless con- 
nected with difference of stress to which the bone is subjected in the 
two sexes and on the two sides of the body. 

The comparative data given in the following table show that, as 
with many other bones of the body, the os calcis in the Munsee and in 
other Indians in both sexes, and especially in the males, is smtxller in 
aU dimensions than it is in the whites. The relative proportions of 
the bone are quite alike in the different racial groups of males, but 
differ in an interesting way in the females, in which, among the whites, 
the bones show lower indexes than in the other groups. The white 
female os calcis is longer and higher, but equal in slenderness to that 
of the Indian. 



iiiiULirivA] PHYSICAL AN'J IlKOl'OLOCV OF TliK LliNAPE 



LXXX. OS C ALCIS: COMPARISON 
MALES 



95 



Ciroup 


Number 

of speei- 

mens 

(29) 
(3t) 
(50) 
(16) 
(.55) 


Length, 
maxi- 
mum 


Breadth, 
mini- 
mum of 
body 


Height, 
mini- 
mum of 
body 


Modulo 


Breadth- 
length 
index 


Breadth- 
height 
index 


Mimsee 


cm. 

S. 07 

s 

7.72 

7.S5 

8.33 


cm. 
2.77 
2.75 
2. SI 
2.67 
2.S5 


cm. 
1. 04 
3.97 
4.05 
4.01 
4.20 


cm. 
4.76 
4.91 
4. S6 
4.S4 
5.13 


34.1 
34.5 
36. 4 
34 
34.1 


67.9 
69.3 
69.4 
66.5 
67.7 


Arkansas and Louisiana 

Southern Utah elilT-dwellers 

Southwest and Mexico 


United States whites 





Mimsee 

Arkansas and Louisiana 

Southern Utah elilT-dwellers. 

Southwest and Mexico 

United States whites 



(22) 


7.3 


2.4 


3.6 


4.43 


32.6 


(12) 


7.3 


2.45 


3.5 


4.42 


33.7 


(30) 


6.92 


2.43 


3.56 


4.30 


35.1 


(13) 


7.1 


2.4 


3.43 


4.31 


33.8 


(30) 


7.87 


2.43 


3.81 


4.71 


30.9 



66.2 
70.3 
6S. 3 
70.1 
63.7 



Articular Facets for Astragahis 

As to visual obsprvations on the os calcis, the gn^itest intorost 
attaches probably to the number and conformation of the articular 
facets for the astragalus. These facets may be two in number, ante- 
rior and posterior. But the anterior facet may be divided into two 
by a ridge; or it may be replaced by two facets, anterior and median, 
completely separated by a narrow to moderately broad groove or 
space; or, finally, in place of the single oblong anterior facet there 
may be a small to rudimentary anterior and a medium sized 
median facet, separated ])y a broad and deep notch. 

The percental distribution of these facets among the Munsee, the 
Arkansas and Louisiana mound Indians, and the United States 
whites, is given below. There is a remarkable similarity in the 
frequency of occurrence of the two main forms (two and three 
facets) in all three groups among the males, but the females show 
slight irregularity. 

LXXXL OS CALCIS: MUNSEE AND COMPARATIVE: ARTICULAR FACETS FOR ASTRAO 

ALUS 



Group 



Munsee 

Arkansas and liouisiana 
United States whites — 



Male 



Speci- 
mens 



(31) 
(39) 
(55) 



Two 

facets 



P(r cfiil 
26 
26 
25.5 



Three 
facets 



P<r cent 
74 
74 
74.5 



Speci- 
mens 



Female 



Two 
facets 



Prr cent 

37 
40 



Three 
facets 



Per crnl 
.52 
63 
60 



96 



BUKEAU OF AMERICAN" ETHNOLOGY 



[KULL. 62 



The agreement above set forth might lead us to suppose that prac- 
tically no racial differences are connected with the facets, at least be- 
tween the whites and some of the Indians; but this assumption is not 
borne out by a detailed study of these characters. The next table 
show^s the more detailed observations on the number and character 
of these facets m the Munsee and in whites, and also with reference to 
sex and side. Here we notice, m the first place, that the frequency 
of two facets only is much higher in botli groups in the females than 
in the males, wliile three facets are correspondingly more frequent in 
• the males. But we observe further that the condition of three 
facets in which the anterior and median are separated by a wide 
notch is very much more frequent among the whites than among the 
Indians. 

As to sides, differences between the right and left are irregular; if 
we combine the two series of Munsee and whites they ahnost dis- 
appear. 

LXXXII. OS CALCIS IN TI^E MUNSEE AND IN UNITED STATES WHITES: ARTICULAR 
FACETS FOR ASTRAGALUS 





Specimens 


Two facets 


Three 
facets, but 
the twe 
anterior 
separated 
oTilj by a 
ridge 


Three 
facets com- 
pletely dis- 
connected 


Three 
facets, dis- 
connected, 
with a wide 
notch be- 
tween the 
anterior 
two 


Males: 


(31) 
(55) 

(29) 
(30) 


Per cent 
• 25.8 
25.5 

4S. 3 
40 


Per cent 
19.4 
7.3 

10. 3 
Iti. 7 


Per cent 
35.5 
29. 1 

41.4 

20 


Per cent 
19.4 




38.2 


Females: 






23.3 






Right: 

Munsee. 


(31) 
(51) 

(29) 
(34) 


42 
29. 4 

31 
32. I 


«.5 
1.5.7 

24 
2.9 


42 
21.6 

34.5 
32. 4 


9.7 


United States whites . . 


33.3 


Left: 


10.3 


United States whites 


32.4 







An additional point of some interest in connection with the cal- 
caneus is the development of the peroneal spine. Among the ISIun- 
see this was found frequently to be very moderate and never pro- 
nounced ; among the whites, cjises with a much more marked devel- 
opment of the spine are met with occasionally, especially among the 
males. 

Astragalus 

Next to the calcaneus, the most interesting bone of the tarsus is 
the astragalus. The bone exhibits wide and characteristic variations 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



BULLETIN 62 PLATE 29 




THE RIGHT AND LEFT FIRST METATARSAL OF MUNSEE SKELE- 
TON NO. 285,326, U.S.N. M., SHOWING DISPROPORTION IN SIZE; 
ALSO A CANAL IN THE SMALLER BONE, POSSIBLY THE VESTIGE 
OF AN EARLY FRACTURE 




b THE CALCANEI OF MALE MUNSEE SKELETON NO. 285,313, 
U.S.N.M., SHOWING WIDE SEPARATION OF THE TWO FACETS 
FOR THE ASTRAGALUS 



HRDLi(-KA| PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



97 



among the higher mammals and may weU be expected to show some 
groupal differences in man. It yields itseK to three measiirem(>nts, 
tlie maximum length, breadth, and height, from which in turn we 
obtain the module or mean diameter, useful in comparing the size 
of the bone, and the breadth-length and breadth-height indexes, 
which shoW' its shape. 

There are 60 astragali in the ^Munsee material, and the measure- 
ments of 52 paired bones are given below. They show the bone in 
the male to be absolutely larger in every dimension than in the female. 
As to the side, there is practically no difference among the males, but 
among the females the average measurements of the left astragalus 
are all slightly higher than those of the right bone. The mo(hde is 
practically identical on \\\o two sides in the males, and slightly higher 

LXXXIIL MUXSEE: ASTRAGALUS 



Right 



Speci- 
men.s 
(pairs) 



Length, 
maxi- 
mum* 



cm. 

Average (12)1 5.7 

Minimum i 5. 3 

Maximum ! fi. 2 



Breadth, 
maxi- 
mum t 



an. 
4.27 
4.1 
4.6 



Height, 
maxi- 
mum t 



cm. 
3.27 
3.05 
3.5 



Modulo 



cm. 
4.41 
4.41 
4.41 



Breadth- 
length 
index 



74.9 
70.7 
X3.3 



Height- 
length 
index 



57. 4 
54.7 
62.5 





Left 




Length, 
maximum 


Breadth, 
maximum 


Height, 
maximum 


Module 

(mean di- 
ameter) 


Breadth- 
length 
index 


Heigh t- 
lencth 
index 


Average 


cm. 
5.7 
5.3 
6.3 


cm. 
4.28 
4.05 
4.7 


cm. 
3.25 
3.05 
3.5 


cm, 
4.41 


7.5.1 
72.3 
79.2 


57.1 


Minimum . . 


.13.8 




60.7 











Right 




Speci- 
mens 

(pairs) 


Length, 
maxi- 
mum* 


Breadth, 
maxi- 
mum t 


Height, 
maxi- 
mum i 


Modulo 


Breadth- 
Icnu'ili 
index 

75 

70.5 

83.7 


Height- 
Icnu'lli 
index 




(14) 


cm. 
.5.19 
4.7 

.1.7 


cm. 
3.9 
3.5 
4.1 


cm. 
3 

2.7 
3.3 


cm. 
4.02 
4.02 
4.02 


57.8 




54.4 




62.3 




, _ 



* stem of calipers applied to lowe-st (most prominent) parts on medial surface of the bone. 
t Distal Ijranch of calipers applied to lowe-st (most prominent) partes on medial .surface of the bone. 
t On osteometric plane ( Broca), all three lowest poinisof inferiorsurface of the bone touching (he vertical 
board while the square is applied to the most prominent part of the bone from the opposite direction. 

17135°— Bull. 62—16^7 



98 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



LXXXIII. MUNSEE: ASTRAGALUS— Continued 

FEMALES 









Left 










Length, 
maximum 


Breadth, 
maximum 


Height, 
maximum 


Module 
(mean di- 
ameter) 


Breadth- 
length 
index 


Height- 
length 
index 




cm. 
5.22 

4_S 


cm. 
3.93 
3.6 
4. 15 


cm. 
3.03 
2.7 
3.4 


cm. 
4.06 


75.2 
69.9 

83.7 


58 




52.8 






61.5 













Oil the left in the females. As to the relative proportions, there is 
great similarity between the two sexes, as well as on the two sides of 
the body. 

The results presented in this table would not be wholly satisfactory 
without the possibility of comparing them with similar observations, 
obtained by the same methods, on the bones of the wliites. Such 
comparative data, furnished in the next table, show a number of 
points of considerable interest. In the first place, as with the calca- 
neus and other parts of the skeleton, the Munsee bones are seen 
throughout to be of more moderate dimensions than the bones of the 
whites. The module in the latter is very perceptibly higher. 

Tliere are, however, also notable differences in the relative propor- 
tions of the bones in the two races. Among the whites in both sexes 
the astragalus is relatively longer and also higher than it is among the 
Indians, as a result of wliich both of the indices of the bone in the 
whites are lower. The differences in this respect are too large and 
regular to be accidental. 

LXXXIV. ASTRAGALUS IN THE MUNSEE AND IN UNITED STATES AVHITES 

MALES 



Group 


Specimens 


Length, 
maximum 


Breadth, 
maximum 


. Height, 
maximum 


Module 


Breadth- 
length 
index 


Height- 
length 
index 




(24) 
(50) 


cm. 
5.7 
6.29 


cm. 
4.28 
4.48 


cm. 
3.26 
3.32 


cm. 
4.42 
4.7 


75.0 
71.2 


57.2 


United States whites 


52.8 


FEMALES 


Munsee 


(28) 
(33) 


5.2 
5.75 


3.91 
4.02 


3 
3.11 


4.04 
4.29 


75.1 
69.8 


57.9 


United States whites 


54 



In the examination of the os calcis, special attention was directed 
to its facets, especially the middle and anterior, for the astragalus. 
Inspection of the corresponding facets on the astragalus shows that 
these do not harmonize fuUy with those of the os calcis. They are 
less differentiated and more frequently coiuiected or fused. Thus we 
have among 60 Munsee astragali, 28, or approximately 47 per cent 



Hiu.Li<-KAj PHYSICAL AXTllROPOLOCY OF THE LEKAl'K 99 

wliicli show only one facet convspoiulmg to the aiUrrior mul middU', 
facets of the calcaneus, without any dividmg line; 29, or 48 p(>r cent, 
with one facet divided more or less completely by a ridge ; and only 
thi-ee specimens, or 5 per cent, in wliich there arc two disti'nct facets, 
though in but on(^ of these are they separated by a moderate space'. 
In the astragalus of the whites the proportions of tliese difl'erent 
forms are by no means the same as in the Munsce. 'rinis among 82 
bones there are but 24, or 29 per cent, with one facet not divichnl by'Imy 
ridge ; 35, or 43 per cent, witli one facet divided by a ridge ; and no fewer 
than 23, or 28 per cent, of those in which there are two disthict facets, 
in 19 of which they are completely separated by a narrow to moderate 
space. The frequency of two fac(>ts well separated is therefore nuicli 
greater among the whites than among the Mmisee, which is another 
interesting distinction in tlie astragalus of tliese two groups and 
possibly of the two races which they represent. Tliis is the more 
remarkable as no coiTesponding difference has been found in the 
facets on the os calcis. 

Scaphoid 

There are three additional bones of the tarsus whicli des(M-ve 
somewhat detailed scrutiny, namely, the scaphoid or navicular, the 
cuboid, and the internal cuneiform. ^Uthough irregular in shape, 
each one of these bones yields to three measurements, which differ 
in the two sexes as well as racially, and each presents a number of 
points for observation. 

The measun^mentrS taken by the writer on the scaphoid as well as 
on the other tarsal bones are, it may be repeated, the most practicable 
ones, and relate as closely as possible to the three principal dimen- 
sions of the specimens. In the case of the scaphoid they ui'e the 
greatest breadth, height, and stoutness. 

The results of the measurements of the scaphoid in the Munsee 
appear in the next table. The bone in the male is very perceptibly 
larger than that in the female, and that of the right foot is in both 
sexes and in all dimensions somewhat larger than tliat of tlic left. 
These conditions are shoAvn nicely by the module or mean diiuu(>ter 
of the bone. 

The three measurements give rise to two indexes, whicli inchcate 
the relative proportions oi the scaphoid. The height-breadth index 
is somewhat larg(>r on both sides in the females tliaii in the males, 
which, as will readily be seen by reference to the actual dimensions, 
is due to the relatively greater breadth of the Munsee scaphoid in the 
males. No special difference is observable on tlie two sich's of the 
body in the males, but in the females the right bojie is relatively higher 
than the left. 

The stoutness-breadth index offei-s no special differences either on 
the two sides or in the two sexes. 



100 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



LXXXV. MUNSEK: SCAPHOID 

MALES 





Right 




Number 
of speci- 
mens, 
pairs 


Breadth,* 
maxi- 
mum 


Height.t 
maxi- 
mum 


Stout- 
ness,}: 
maxi- 
mum 


Module 
(mean 
diame- 
ter) 


Height- 
breadth 
index 


Stout- 
ness- 
breadth 
index 




(6) 


cm. 
4.20 
3.9 

4. .5.5 


cm. 
2.11 
1.9 
2.2 


cm. 
2.61 
2. .5 
2. S.5 


cm. 
2.98 
2.66 
3.2 


50.2 

4S.4 
55. 4 


62.3 


Mininmm . 


62.2 


Maximum 




64.1 











Left 




Number 
of speci- 
mens 


Breadth 


Height 


Stout- 
ness 


Aiodule 
(mean 
diame- 
ter) 


Height- 
breadth 
index 


Stout- 
ness- 
breadth 
index 




(6) 


cm. 
4.05 
3.65 


cm. 
2.04 
1.7 
2.25 


cm. 
2.55 
2.45 
2.75 


cm. 
2. S8 
2.6 
3.16 


50.4 
46.6 
5:3.7 


63 




60.5 






4.5 


67.1 











Right 




Number 
of speci- 
mens, 
pairs 


Breadth,* 
maxi- 
mum 


Height,t 
maxi- 
mum 


Stout- 
ness,J 
maxi- 
mum 


Module 
(mean 
diame- 
ter) 


Height- 
breadth 
index 


Stout- 
ness- 
breadth 
index 


Average (6) 


cm. 
3.75 
3.5 
4.05 


cm. 
1.96 
1.75 
2.15 


cm. 
2.35 
2.25 
2.5 


cm. 
2.69 
2.5'^ 
2.85 


52.2 

48.1 
56.1 


62.7 

60 


Maximum 


66.7 










Left 




Number 
of speci- 
mens 


Breadth 


Height 


Stout- 
ness 


Module 
(mean 
diame- 
ter) 


Height- 
breadth 
index 


Stout- 
ness- 
breadth 
index 




cm. 
(fi) 


cm. 
3.72 
3.4 
4.05 


cm. cm. 
1. S9 2. 31 


[• m . 
2.64 
2.43 
2.97 


50. 8 
45.7 
55.4 


62.2 




1.7 

2.05 


2.15 
2.45 


50. S 






68 













* From the extremity of the tuberosity ad maximum. 

t Use calipers with broad branches; hold instrument vertical; lay bone on movable branch on talus 
facet and raise the branch until the bone touches the under surface of the immovable branch. 

% Same instrument as for last; lay bone on movable branch on its dorsal or superior surface; let it assume 
a natural position and raise the branch until the most prominent part of the plantar surface of the bone 
touches the under surface of the movable branch. 



HRDLi.'KA] PHYSICAL ANTTIROPOLOOY OF THE T.ENAPF, 



101 



A comparison of the measurements of the Munsoe scaplioi.l with 
those obtained on the United States whites shows a number of inter- 
esting conditions. The bono in the whites is agahi in ])oth sexes and 
hi all (Hjnensions somewliat hirg(>r than in the Indian. The heiglit- 
breadtli mdex is identical m the females of the two races, but is niore 
elevated, owing to a relatively greater height of the bono, in the white 
than in tlie Munsee males. Tlie stoutness-breadtli mdex is decidedly 
higlier ui both sexes in the whites, though more particularly so in tlie 
males. It may therefore be stated that the scaphoid hi the United 
States whites is, in both sexes, not only absolutely but also relatively 
stouter, and in the males also relatively somewhat higher, tlian that 
hi the Munsee Indians. 

LXXXVI. SCAl'IIOIl) IN MTTNSEE AND IN TTNITE1> STATES WHITES 

MAI.KS 





Nunil)er of 
si)ecimeiis 


Hrf:ullh 


HeiKht 


Stout- 
ness 


Mo<liil.' 


Height- 
breadth 
index 

m. 4 
51. .". 


Stoutness- 
breadth 
index 




(19) 
(02) 


cm. 
4.1:5 
•1. ;{:{ 


cm. 
2. OS 
2.2.5 


cm. 
2. r>9 
2.9f. 


cm. 
2. 9:! 
3.17 


62 8 


liuited Statos wliit.o.s 


68.5 



Munsee 

United States wliites. 



(19) 


3.75 


1.94 


2.35 


2.68 


51.7 


(.■5.i) 


3.94 


2.03 


2.54 


2. S4 


51. 6 



62.7 
64.3 



An uispection of the Munsee scaphoid shows a number of interest- 
ing particulars. A facet for the cuboid is present hi only 23.5 per 
cent of the cases (15 per cent males and 30 per cent females); among 
the United States whites its frequency is nearly twice as great, or 39 
per cent (40 per cent males and 37 per cent females), and Maimers 
Smith reported an even higher proportion hi England.' 

The facet for the talus differs quite markedly as to shape in the 
Munsee and the whites. In the whites, and particularly hi the 
females, it is predominantly more or less pyriform, and only seldom 
quadrilat(>ral or nearly so; while in the Munsee conditions arc re- 
versed and a more or less (quadrilateral facet is present in a large 
majority of the cases, especially in the males, while tlie pyriform 
type is scarce. 

The tuberosity of the scaphoid differs also somewhat in the two 
races. In general, it may be more or less pomted, or deci(k'dly l)lunt, 
or squarish; the first two forms are common among the whites, while 

» Quoted l>y Cunningham, Anatomy, 3d ed., p. 245. 



102 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOOY 



rBrT.I.. 62 



the squarish or angular, rare in the whites, is not infrequent m the 
Indians. (See pi. 28, (Z.) 

The processus plantaris is found generally to be quite pronounced 
in the Munsee, more frequently so than in the United States whites; 
and occasionally there exists in the Indian scaphoid an additional 
tuberosity, separated from the regular one by a groove continuous 
with that situated between the processus plantaris and the tuberosity. 

Cuboid 

The cuboid bone, though so irregular, can be fairly conveniently 
measured as to its maximum length, breadth, and thickness. The 
method of taking the dimensions is explained in the next table. 

There are 19 pairs of cuboids m the Munsee material — 9 male and 
10 female. Their measurements show the usual predominance of 
the male bone over the female on both sides and in aU dimensions; 
as to sides, however, the differences are very small, the mean diameter 
being, in fact, equal on the right and left in both sexes. 

LXXXVII. MUNSEE: CUBOID 
MALES 





Right 




Number 
of spec- 
imens 
(pairs) 


Length , 
maximum* 


Breadth, 
maximum f 


Thickness, 
maximum j 


Module 
(mean 
diam- 
eter) 


Breadth- 
length 
index 


Thick- 
ness- 
length 
index 


Average 


(9) 


cm. 
3.77 
3. 55 

4 


cm. 
2. 85 
2.7 
3.15 


cm. 
2.5 
2.3 

2.65 


cm. 
3.04 

2.88 
3.18 


75.7 

70 

79.7 


66.5 

62 






69 4 










Left 




Number 
of spec- 
imens 
(pairs) 


Length, 
maximum 


Breadth, 
maximum 


Thickness, 
maximum 


• Module 
(mean 
diam- 
eter) 


Breadth- 
length 
index 


Thick- 
ness- 
length 
index 


Average 

Minimum . 


(9) 


cm. 
3.74 
3.55 
3.95 


cm. 
2.85 
2. 75 
3 


cm. 
2.53 
2.3 
2.65 


cm, 
3.04 

2.86 
3.13 


76.2 

71.8 
80 


67.7 

62 8 


Maximum 




74 3 









* Between the most prominent points on the superior and inferior borders of the distal or metatarsal facet 
of the bones and the point of the bone at the inferior medial angle ("calcanean process"). 

t Ma.ximum breadth, with the cuboid resting on its medial surface in such position as it naturally 
assumes. This and the measurement given in the next note are obtained readily by the compas glissihre 
with broad branches. 

X Maximum thickness, with the cuboid resting on its anterior surface in si'ph position as it naturally 
assumes. 



nRDi.irK.vi 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPF, 



103 



LXXXVIT.-MrNSEE: CUBOID— rontinue.l 

FEMALES 





Right 




Number 
of spec- 
imens 
(pairs) 


Length, 
maximum 


Breadth, 
maximum 


Thickness, 
maximum 


Module 
(mean 
diam- 
eter) 


Breadth- 
length 
index 


Thick- 
ness- 
length 
index 




(10) 


cm. 
3.54 
3. 25 

3. S5 


cm. 
2.66 
2.3 
2. 95 


cm. 
2. 26 
2.1 
2.4 


cm . 
2.82 
2. 58 
3.03 


75.1 

67. 6 
8L 5 


64 

.59. 5 
67.7 


Minimum 


Maximum 










Lett 




Number 
of spec- 
imens 


Length , 
maximum 


Breadth, 
maximum 


Thickness, 
maximum 


Module 
(mean 
diam- 
eter) 


Breadlh- 
length 
index 


Tuick- 
ness- 

length 
index 




(10) 


cm. 
3. 55 
3.25 

4.8 


cm . 
2. 65 
2. 35 
2. 95 


cm. 
2.26 
2.1 
2.5 


fro. 
2.82 
2.65 
3. 03 








67. 1 r,c,. 7 















As in the case of the scaphoid, the three measurements of the 
cuboid give rise to two indexes which express the rehitive proportion 
of the bone. Both of these indexes, as seen })y the table, are higher 
in the males than in the females, especially on the left side, showing 
that the male bone is relatively broader as well as thicker. 

The indexes also show slight differences on the two sides, but these 
are not parallel in the two sexes; in the males both are slightly 
higher on the right side, while in the females the condition is reversed 
owuig to the fact that while in the males the length of the bone is 
slightly less on the left, in the females it is slightly greater on that 
side than on the right. 

The Munsee cuboid contrasted with that of the United States 
whites is, as in all the other bones of the tarsus, sUghtly smaller in 
every dimension, and it differs also from the latter to a moderate 
degree in its relative proportions; but these differences, as seen in the 
following table, are somewhat irregular and can not be regarded as 
establislied before a larger series of specimens is examined. 



104 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



LXXXVIII. THE CUBOID IN MUNSEE AND IN UNITED STATES WHITES 

MALES 





Number 

of 
specimens 


Length 


Breadth 


Thick- 
ness 


Module 


Breadth- 
lengtli 
index 


Thickness- 
length 
index 


M'nnspp. 


(22) 
(48) 


cm. 
3.75 
3.96 


cm,. 
2.85 
3.02 


cm. 
2.52 
2.59 


cm. 
3.04 
3.19 


75.8 
76.3 


67 1 


United States whites 


65.5 


females' 


Mnnspp 


(24) 
(36) 


X r,i 


2.63 
2.67 


2.26 
2.37 


2.80 
2.89 


75 
73.7 


64 3 


United States whites 




3.62 


65.5 



As to points for observation, some interest attaches to the cunei- 
form and taUis facets. In the United States whites the facet for the 
external cuneiform is single in 70 per cent of the cases, divided by a 
well-marked ridge in 23 per cent, and double, though mostly con- 
nected, in 7 per cent of the specimens. In the Munsee, in 45 bones, 
a single facet is present in 42, or 93 per cent; and one with a ridge 
in three, or approximately 7 per cent, while two facets occur in no 
instance. 

In the United States whites a facet for the talus was found by the 
writer in four specimens out of the 82 examined, or approximately 5 
per cent. Among 44 cuboids of the Munsee it occurred in only one 
instance (2.3 per cent), and m this case it was small. 

The anterior or metatarsal facet of the cuboid is on the average 
flatter in the whites than in the Munsee, especially from side to side 
and in the bones of the males. 

Internal Cuneiform 

The internal cuneiform is the largest of the cuneiforms and yields 
two measurements — the greatest height and smallest breadth — 
which with their indexes are suitable for comparison. There are 
45 of these bones in the Munsee material. 

The results of the measurements, given in the next table, show the 
bone in the males to be as usual somewhat larger than in the 
females. With respect to the sides, the left bone is as high as and 
very slightly broader than the right in the males (in pahed bones); 
but in the females the left internal cuneiform is very slightly lower 
and more perceptibly narrower than the right. 

The breadth-height index on both sides is higher in the females, 
which shows that in this sex the bone is not only absolutely but also 
relatively lower than in the males. 



hrdlii?ka] 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



105 



LXXXIX. MUNSEE: INTERNAL CINEIFORM 
MALES 



Right 



Number of speeimens 



Average: 

Pairs (8). 

All (9). 

Minimum (all) (9). 

Maximum (all) (9). 



Height, 

maxi- Bread tilt 
mum* 



cm. 
3.2 

3.17 

2.9 

3.35 



cm. 
2.27 

2.24 
2. 05 
2.4 



Breadth- 
height 
index 



70.8 

70.7 



Lett 



Number of 
speeimen.s 



(H) 
(12) 
(12) 
(12) 



Height, 
maxi- 
mum 



cm. 
3.2 



Breadth 



3.17 
3 
3. 35 



cm. 
2.29 
2.3 
2. 15 
2.55 



Breadth- 
height 
index 



71.6 
72.7 
t)5. 2 

79.7 



Average (11). 

Minimum (11). 

Maximum (U). 



1 2.86 


2.11 


73.8 


1 2. SO 


2.11 


73.8 


2.t) 


1. 95 


tW.9 


3. 05 


2.4 


80 



(11) 


2.84 


2.06 


(13) 


2.8ti 


2. 08 


(13) 


2.*) 


1.9 


(13) 


3 


2.3 



72.6 

73 
70 
78. ti 



* Lower (proximal) branch of the calipers applied to the most prominent parts of the inferior surface of 
the bone. 

t Breadth minimum, in middle of lx)ne, upper branch of calipers resting on both lips of the scaphoid facet: 
the only practical)Ie breadth in all .specimens. 

A comparison of the internal cuneiform in the Munsee and in tlie 
United States whites shows the bone in both sexes of the latter to be 
greater in height as well as in breadth. But, as indicated by the 
indexes, this bone m the whites is in general also relatively higher than 
in the Indians, as the result of which we have a lower index in the 
whites in both sexes. This reveals another mteresting difference in the 
osteology of the two groups, which may prove to be of definite racial 
significance. 

Tlie relatively greater narrowness of the mternal cuneifoiin in the 
female than in the nnde is eciually well pronounced in the whites ttiid 
in the Munsee, and is probably a universal characteristic. 

XC. THE INTERNAL CUNEIFORM IN THE MUNSEE AND IN UNITED STATES WHITES 



Males 


Females 




Speci- 
mens 


Height 


Breadth 


Breadth- 
height 
index 


Speci- 
mens 


Height 


Breadth 


Breadth- 
heiLlit 
index 




(21) 
(50) 


cm. 
3.17 
3.48 


cm. 
2.28 
2.43 


71.8 
69.9 


(24) 
(37) 


cm. 

2.8«S 
3.10 


cm. 
2.10 
2.21 


,.1. 1 




71. 1 







In descriptive features the internal cuneiform of the Munxc «>ircrs 
only minor differences from that of the whites. Tliere seems to be 
present in the Indians, however, a somewhat greater tendency towaid 
the occurrence of a double anterior or metatarsal facet. Two (hstmct 



106 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 

facets are present in five of the 45 Munsee bones (11 per cent), as against 
only one in the 87 bones of thewliites (1.1 percent). On the other hand, 
an approach to two facets (hour-glass shape, or a division of the one 
facet by a ridge) occurs in the Munsee in a little more than 13 per cent 
of the specimens, and in the wliites in a little more than 10 per cent. 

External and Middle Cuneiforni 

The external and middle cuneiform bones in the Munsee resemble 
closely those of the whites, but average slightly smaller in size. 

Among 35 external cuneiforms, 10, or approximately 30 per cent, 
show absence of the facet for the fourth metatarsal, and one an ab- 
sence of both facets for the second metatarsal. 

As to the middle cuneiform, the central ligamentous depression on 
its medial surface, and especially the canal ruim^ing downward from 
this, are characteristic features of the Indian bone and are more pro- 
nounced in both sexes than is the average in whites. 

Summary of Measurements and Observations on Parts of the 
Munsee Skeleton other than the Skull 

The bones of the Munsee skeleton agree closely, in a general way, 
with those of other Eastern Indians. Contrasted with those of whites 
they present many close resemblances, but also certain marked differ- 
ences, one of which being that they are less stout. 

Humerus. — The mean length of the humerus is in no way excep- 
tional. In the female this bone is relatively long. Tlie right and 
left humeri are of the same length in males, but the left is slightly 
shorter than the right in females. The shaft is flatter than in whites, 
in consec[uence of which the shaft index is lower. The ])readth or 
antero-posterior diameter of the shaft of the right bone is greater 
than that of the left, while the thickness is practically the same. Tlie 
shape of the shaft is frec|uently plano-convex (juvenile). Perforation 
of the septum exists in 22 per cent of the males and in 59 per cent 
of the females. Of the supracondyloid process there are only slight 
traces. 

Radius. — The radius is decidedly long in the Munsee in relation to 
the humerus in both sexes, the result of which is a high radio-humeral 
index. The right and left radii are of equal length in males, but, as 
with the humerus, the left radius averages slightly shorter in the 
females. 

JJlna. — The ulna presents nothing exceptional; it is shorter on the 
right in females, as in the case of the radius. 

FeTYiur. — The form of the femur is generally ordinary. The length 
corresponds to the average statui'e of 167 cm. in males and 156 cm. 
in females. 



Hur.i.iLKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE ]()7 

The excess pf maximum oYcr bicoiulylar length is greater than in 
whites, huheating greater obhquity of axis. The rehition in length 
of the female femur to that of the male is very neai'ly the same as in 
whites; and the same applies to the relation of the femoral to hum(>ral 
length. 

At the middle of its shaft the femur is slightly l)roader on the riflit 
side than on the left, in consequence of which the shaft index is hiirJior 
on the left. This index is decidedly smaller in both sexes of the 
Munsee than in whites, owing to the lesser breadth of the shaft in 
the Indian. 

The subtrochanteric flattening is quite pronounced, giving a pla- 
tymeric index considerably below that of the whites, but agreeinf' 
with that in other Indians. Tlie index is lower on tlie l(>ft side 
than on the right, and slightly higher in females than in males. 

The shape of the shid't is most frequently the ordinary prismatic. 
The elliptic type is rare. Cylmdrical and four-surface types are 
ubsent. 

The third trochanter in some form and degree exists in more tlian 
two-thirds of the bones, but is rarely pronounced. 

Tibia. — The female Munsee tibia is not only absolutely Init also 
relatively shorter than that of males; nevertheless, in both sexes tlie 
bone is relatively longer than in whites, in consequence of which the 
tibio-femoral index is high. 

Platycnem}" is infrequent ; in the females the shaft is stout in many 
instances. In the shape of the shaft there is a frequency of the four- 
surface type. 

Fibula. — The shape of the (ibula is most frequently lati'ral j)ris- 
matic or fluted. 

Clavicles. — The clavich^ in tlu^ female is relatively short. The right 
clavicle is slightly longer than the left in the males, shorter in the 
females. 

Sternum. — Tlie manu})rium is generally detached; tlu* bone is of 
moderat(^ dimensions; frequent minor asymmetries; rib facets irr(>gu- 
lar in number. Curvature and measurements moderate; sternum of 
female rc^latively shorter. 

Scapula.— r[\Q scapula Is smaller than that of ordinary whites, 
especially in height. Scapular index high, showing the bone to be 
relatively broad, particularly in tlie femides. Infraspinous index jdso 
high, even by comparison with that in otlier Indians. 

The shape of the body is mostly quadrilateral or pentagonal. 'Hie 
superior border is frequently semilunar. The scapular notch in the 
males is often deep or converted into a foramen. 

7?^j,<j.— The ribs show remarkable freedom from fractures. Cervi- 
cal rib present in one instance, 22 ribs only in another. In three- 
fourths of the cases the first ribs are semilunar in form. 



108 BUEEAU OF AMERICAN" ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 

Spine. — The spine is of moderate regular development. There are 
several numerical and structural anomalies. 

Sacrum,. — Tlie dimensions of the sacrum are close to those of white 
males, but the female Munsee sacrum is shorter. The sacral index is 
not far from that in whites. 

The sacrum shows the presence of six segments in one-fifth of the 
cases. The curvature is moderate to medium, and begins rather 
frequently below the first segment. 

Pelvis. — Innominate bones absolutely smaller but relatively broader 
in females than in males. Breadth-height index lower than in whites. 
The pelvis as a rule is free from deformation, Male pelvis larger and 
relatively higher than the female, giving liigher height-breadth index. 
Pelvic cavity in no case abnormal, but differs considerably in meas- 
urements;, in general it is relatively deep at the brim, as a result of 
which it gives a high brim index. 

Short and other hones: Patellse. — Tlie patella averages somewhat 
smaller in size than in whites. Male bone larger than female, but 
no difference in either sex on the two sides. The male Munsee patella 
is relatively somewhat shorter than that of the whites. Frequency of 
vastus notch. 

Bones of hand. — Very free from anomalies. Moderate dimensions 
throughout. Metacarpo-humeral index lower than in whites, indi- 
cating relatively small hand. 

Bones of feet. — First metatarsal shorter, both absolutely and rela- 
tively to the femoral length, than in whites, indicating relatively 
smaller feet. 

Os calcis. — Bones of the two sides almost equal in size; very slight 
excess on right. Male bone relatively stouter than female, giving 
higher breadth-length and breadth-height indexes. Tlie bone is 
smaller in all dimensions than that in ordinary whites of similar 
stature. Tlie female os calcis is shorter and lower, but as slender 
as that of the whites. 

The numerical variation of the facets for the astragalus is much 
the same as in whites, but in the latter the anterior and middle facets 
are much more frequently wide apart. 

Astragalus. — Smaller in all dimensions than in whites. Equal on 
the two sides in males, but slightly higher on the left than on the 
right in the females. This bone is not only absolutely but relatively 
shorter and lower than that among the whites. 

The facets for the os calcis do not harmonize fully with those on 
the OS calcis itself, being less differentiated and more frequently con- 
nected or fused. 

Scaphoid. — The scaphoid is smaller than in whites, also relatively 
less stout and frequently relatively less high than in the whites. 
The right scaphoid is larger than the left. 



HKDLirKA] PHYSICAL ANTHEOPOLOGY OF THE LKNAPE 109 

Cul)oi(l facets arc loss common than among wliitos, and the facet 
for the astragalus differs markedly in shape from that of the white 
scaphoid. 'Hiere are likewise differences in tuberosity and in ])ro- 
cessus plantaris. 

Cuboid. — The cuboid is smaller than in whites; differences in the 
relative proportions are irregular. The right and the left bone are 
about equal. 

Racial differences exist in cuneiforms and talus facets. 

Internal cuneiform. — Smaller than in whites, also relativ<»lv lower. 
Tlio female bone is relatively naiTowor than the male; there are some 
differtnices as to side. 

Relatives frec|uency of doul)le metatarsal facet. 

Middle cuneiform. — The (h'pression in the medial surface and also 
the canal rimning from this are more i)ronounced in both sexes than 
in whites. 



11. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA IN GENERAL 
General Observations 

In connection with the study of the Munsee and in order to clarify, 
if possible, the physical affihations of this important group of the 
Lenape, tha writer undertook an examination of all crania of the 
Eastern Indians that now exist in the collections of the United States 
National Museum, the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology 
and Ethnology at Cambridge, PhilUps Academy at Andover, tho 
American Museum of Natural History in New York, The Academy 
of Natural Sciences of Philadelpliia, and the Valentine Museum at 
Richmond, in adchtion to a number of specimens sent to him from 
other institutions.^ The total number of crania studied m the course 
of this investigation aggregated 253, of which 121 were of males 
and 132 of females. 

Former records on American crania from Eastern Indians are 
scarce, and in most instances so imperfect or antiquated as to be of 
Uttle value. The earhest data are those of Morton and Meigs, ^ based 
on the collections now in The Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- 
delphia. In 1862 Sir Daniel Wilson, of Toronto, pubhshed liis Pre- 
histonc Man, in two volumes, in the second volume of wliich he gives 
measurements of 39 male and 18 female Huron (Iroquois) skulls. 
Unfortunately these measurements are few in number, are recorded 
in inches, and were determined mth instruments of whose character 
there is no record, although presumably they were such as had been 
used by Morton and Meigs. Later brief references to eastern Cana- 
dian crania by Dr. David Boyle will be found in the Annual Arclixo- 
logical Reports of Ontario. In 1867 measurements of five Algonquian 
and Iroquois skulls were included by Dr. J. Barnard Davis in his 
Thesaurus Craniorum (pp. 224-5), and m 1879 a few measurements 
of four Huron skuUs were given by Quatrefages and Hamy in their 
Crania Eihnica (parts 10-11, p. 472). 

In 1880 there appeared, in the Memoirs of the Boston Society of 
Natural History, a paper of 10 pages, with 2 plates, by Lucien Carr, 
at that time assistant curator of the Peabody Museum at Cambridge, 
on the crania of New England Indians, in w^hich measurements of 67 
skulls are given; but, as the present writer found subsequently by 

• See the Appendix, page 127. 

2 Crania Americant, Catalogue, and other contributions. See the bibliographies in the writer's 
Physical Anthropology in America, Amer. Anthropologkt, 1914, xvi, pp. 50&-654. 

no 



Hfii>i.!rKAl PlIVSICAh AXTIIK,OPOLO(;V of THE LKNAPfcl IH 

examination and ivnieasurenient of some of the same specimens, tlic 
sexual identification, as well as the measurements, were too faulty 
to warrant their use in this report. During the same year there 
appeared .1 List of the Specimens in the Anatomical Collections of the 
United States Army Medical Museum, by Dr. George A. Otis, wliieh 
gav(> measurements of lumdreds of American crania, inchuhng a num- 
ber from the Eastern states; but these measurements also in many in- 
stances were made imperfectly, so that the records can not })e ]irof- 
itably utihzed. Flower's Catalogue gives the measurements of one 
Mohawk skull. Mrchow, in his Crania Ethnca Amencana, includes 
no specimen from the central or northern states })ordering on the 
Atlantic. In 1899 Dr. Frank Russell' published some o])servati()ns 
and measurements on Inthan crania, among which were incluiled a 
numlier from the New England states, more particularly from Massa- 
chusetts: and finalh', in 1902, the writer published his Crania of 
Trenton,- wliich gave m(>asurements of all the Lenape skulls, as well 
as those of some other Eastern Indians, then known. =* 

All the specimens described by the American authors above men- 
tioned and that could still be located (which was possil^le in a large 
majority of the cases), were reexamined, consequently the following 
records are based solely on the measurements and o])servations by 
the present A\Titer. Important adtUtional Huron material, which it 
was found impracticable to include in these studies, exists in the 
museum of Laval University at Quebec and in the Provincial Museum 
at Toronto. 

The 283 crania here included are not distributed evenh' over the 
Atlantic states. There are fairly representative series from eastern 
Canada, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, and Virginia, but 
only a few specimens from Connecticut, and very few from Dehxware, 
Maryland, and Pennsylvania. The climatic conditions and the soil 
of the more southerly of these states are not favorable to tlie preser- 
vation of skeletal remains, wliich, moreover, were probably ]u>ver 
very abundant. Furthermore, many of the specimens avaihibl(< for 
examination were found more or less damaged, so that iu)t all the 
important measurements could be obtained. Owing to thes<' con- 
ditions the present study must necessarily leave many points for 
future corroboration or correction; however, the results obtaiiunl 



' AmeTican Naluralisl, 1899, p. 33. 

* BuUetin Amer. yfuxeum of Natural History, xvi, pp. 23-62. 

3 Just as this memoir is about to ^o to the printer, there appears a study, by Marian Vera Knight, on 
The Craniometry of Southern \ew England Indian.'' ( Yalo Univ. I'ress. 1915, iv, pp. l-3ii, 9 pi.;, eonstituting 
areport on approximately 90 skulls, many of them imperfect, from Massachusetts and Uhode Island. A 
majority of the specimens are those that ha ve already been studied by Can- and Russell , and more esiH'cial ly 
by the present writer. The results agree closely with those shown in tliis report . ulthouph Miss Knight 
includes some specimens that may safely Im? regarded as extraneous, and has not been entirely fortunate 
in the matter of some of her measuremeats and comparisons. 



112 BUBEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 

shed much light on the physical characteristics and relations of the 
Eastern Indians. 

As above noted, the collections included cover the territory from 
southeastern Canada to Virginia, and, roughly speaking, from the 
easternmost lakes and the Appalachian mountains to the Atlantic. 
From northward and northwestward of this region skeletal material 
is scarce, and the same is true of the Southern states until we reach 
Florida: while to the westward the conditions are more complex and 
will best form part of a separate discussion. 

The entire region covered by the collections, with a single exception, 
is characterized by a complete absence of both intentional and cradle- 
board deformation of the skull; the exception applies to the Munsee, 
among whom prevailed to a moderate extent the practice of frontal 
(fronto-occipital) compression. As this practice was very general to 
the southward and southwestward of the section here involved and 
was completely absent elsewhere beyond its boundaries, its occurrence 
among the Munsee, oven to a limited extent, indicates that this tribe 
had some close connection in those directions, in which respect it 
differs from the rest of the Lenape. The well-known accession to the 
tribe, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, of some Shawnee, 
whose home was to the southwestward as far as Kentucky and 
Tennessee, may, as already suggested, explain this occurrence. 

A consequential result of the study of the Eastern crania here 
included is that they all belong to one and the same fundamental type, 
which we now know in the northeast as that of the Algonquian and 
Iroquois, in the west as the Shoshonean, farther south as the Piman- 
Aztec, and in South America as the Andean, ''Lagoa Santa," or 
Pampas type. However, in the territory under consideration, as 
elsewhere, this type is far from being homogeneous, differing some- 
times in an important way almost from tribe to tribe. The differences 
are evidently due partly to intermixture with the other or brachy- 
cephalic Americaii type and partly to locally developed or per- 
petuated variations. 

In the several series of skulls here dealt with there is plain evidence 
of admixture in the majority of the groups, which, though mostly 
shght, increased from the north to the south. This admixture con- 
sists uniformly of brachycephalic elements, in some localities males, 
in others females, which doubtless were derived from farther west, 
southwest, and south. There are only four groups from which such 
admixture is absent, namely, those from Maine, Massachusetts, 
Connecticut, and Long Island. The conditions in this respect are pre- 
sented in the following table: 



HRDLK-KA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 113 

XCr. PRESENCE OF BRACITiTEPHALIC IXDIVIDrALS AMONG EASTERN TRIBES 





Males 


Females 


Tribe or district 


Skulls 
examined 


Brachyceph- 

alsin the 

group 


Skulls 
examined 


Braohyceph- 

alsin the 

group 


Huroiis of southeastern Canada 


15 
6 


2 


5 
g 




Maine 





New Hampshire 




1 

■'■") 


Massachusetts 


14 

i 

10 

3 

7 

6 

10 

11 

6 

30 




Rhode Island 


1 


<• 1 


Connecticut 


New York: 




18 


3 


Manhattan Island 


1 


Long Island 


5 
3 
13 
2:5 
4 
32 




Staten Island 


2 




Munsee 





Other Lenapc 


3 
2 
4 


3 


Maryland 


Virginia 


4 




Total 


138 


*15 


145 


tlo 





' 10.9 per cent. 



1 10.3 per cent. 



Ill all those casos the ])rachycephaly, and frcqiuuitly other fixtures 
of the skidls, \vcrc such that thoy coukl not possibly be attributable 
to a mer(; fluctuation of the prevalent type. 

Tlio individuals whom such spccmiens rcj^rcscnt were probably 
recent accretions by the tril)es throujjjh marriage or adoption. Other 
increments of similar natui'e doubtless occurred in the past, and, 
blending more or less thorouglily with the tribes, modified the physi- 
cal ty])es of these to a grc^ater or less extent. It is evidently due to 
this influence; that, as will be showii later, the more southerly tribes 
of the region under consideration —those which were nearest the 
more westerly, southwesterly, and southerly brachyccj^hals — show a 
higher cranial index than the more northerly anil purer tril)es. 

The principal numerical results of the measurements derived 
from the Eastern Indian crania are given at the end of tliis sec- 
tion. These may be summarized briefly: The type is charac- 
terized by marked to moderate doUchocephaly in the males, and 
by moderate dolichocephaly to mesocephaly in the; females: ])y 
medium to high vault, with occasionally a low forehead: by good 
size of the skull as a whole, and lack of unusual thickness of 
its bones; by moderately high to high face, the latter esjiecially fre- 
quent in the males; by moderate, seldom great, breadth of face; 
by considerably varying orbital dimensions and index, witli a pre- 
dominance of mesoseme forms, but reaching, even in the averages, 
from microseme to megaseme; by the frequency of moderate size in 
the nasal aperture; by variable nasal mdex, with a largo prodomi- 
17135°— Bull. 62—16 8 



114 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



nanco, however, of the mesorhiiiic form; by a rather short palate in 
many instances; and by a moderate degree of facial as well as of 
alveolar prognathism. 

Cranial Index 

The distribution of the most important characteristic of the skulls, 
the cranial index, will be more clearly apparent from the next 
table. Owing to the paucity of crania in some of the series, there are 
irregularities between the males and females of the same group, and 
the position of the different groups in the line is probably not in every 
case correct. Nevertheless, certain conditions are clearly brought 
out. It is seen on the whole that the doUchocephaly decreases in a 
slight ratio from the north to the south; but its lower extreme is 
found on Long Island, Staten Island, and Manhattan Island, New 
York. The crania from these three localities show striking resem- 
blances, and though there are also certain differences, the conclusion 
seems to be justified that they belong to one group. It has been 
suggested ^ that the Indians of Staten Island were a branch of the 
Lenape, but the evidence offered by the skeletal remains gives no 
corroboration of this. There may have been Lenape women, or even 
some Lenape admixture, in the Staten Island tribe, but the crania of 
the men show almost uniformly distinct features which identify them 
clearly with the Indians of Manhattan Island and Long Island. 

XCII. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: CRANIAL INDEX 



Long Island 

Manhattan Island 

Staten Island 

Connecticut 

Maine 

Massachusetts 

Southeastern Canada 

New York State 

Maryland 

Rhode Island 

New Jersey (Heye collection) 

New Jersey (earlier) 

Virginia 



Males 



Number of 
specimens 



(7) 

(2) 

W 

(4) 

(6) 

(14) 

(14) 

(19) 

(4) 

(6) 

(4) 

(6) 

(27) 



Index 



71). 7 
71.7 
71.7 
72.4 
72.7 
72.8 
73.4 
73.5 
73.6 
73.7 
73.9 
74. (i 
75.5 



Females 



Number of 
specimens 



(5) 
(1) 
(3) 
(4) 
(6) 

(25) 
(5) 

(15) 
(4) 
(5) 
(5) 

(19) 

(28) 



74. 3 
71.8 
75.4 
74.6 
74.7 
74.7 
76.9 
74.8 
74.0 
75.6 
75.8 
75.1 
76.3 



There is remarkable similarity in the average index of the crania of 
all the more northerly states as far as New Jersey. The Indians of 
both sexes from Maine and Massachusetts are particularly close in 

• See A. Skinner in The Indians of Greater New York and the I>ower Hudson, edited by Clark Wissler, 
Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, la, 1909. 



hrduOka] physical ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LKNAPE 115 

this respect, and, as will be seen later, these two groups, wWdv not 
entirely homogeneous, show many other close similarities. 

The most important result is that shoAvn by the crania from south- 
eastern Canada, which are ahnost entirely Huron or Iroquois; and by 
the specimens from New York State, which also are largely of Iroquois 
derivation. The Iroquois, as is well knowm, are regarded as a Unguis- 
tic stock distinct from the Algonquian, though there are some lexical 
resemblances in the two languages. But the measurements of the 
skulls of representatives of the two stocks show no such distinction. In 
fact, the Iroquois occupy, with reference to nearly all important cra- 
nial featm-es, more or less of a median position among the Algonquian 
groups, and there is no basis on which they can legitumitely be 
segregated as belonging to any different physical group of In(Hans. 
It is quite possil)le that some of the Iroquois tribes may have been 
derived, in smaller or larger part, from other peoples of the westward 
or the southwestward, or that in course of time they became mixed 
with such; but the greater proportion of the Iroquois can henceforth 
be no more separated in physical anthropology from the Algonquians 
than can any of the subgroups of the latter. 

Another important result of tliesc studies reflates to the LcTuipe. 
The Munsee and other D(>laware Indian skulls, while nearing (and in 
the case of females slightly surpassing) the upper limits of dolic-ho- 
cephaly, are nevertheless sufTicic^ntly closely related to the crania 
from the neighboring states to show that the Munsee, and the Lenape 
as a whole, were in all probability only subdivisions of the eastern 
Algonquians. Resemblances in other important features of the skull, 
as well as of the skeleton, make tliis conclusion quite delhiite, thus 
ehminating the theory of the migration of the Lenape from beyond 
the Mississippi, for if such were the case, they could scarcely fit so 
precisely into the anthropological position they occupy Ix^tween the 
neighboring tribes. Yet, as previously mentioned, there is some evi- 
dence, especially that afTord(>d by the Munsee, that the Leiuijx' liad 
some comiection, prol)abl3' earlier as well as n^cent, with trib(>s living 
southwestward from the Appalachian mountains. 

From the limited Pennsylvania material it appears tiiat the eastern 
lowlands were occupied by Indians of the ^Ugoniiuian or Lenap(> type, 
while in the more westerly parts i)rachycephaly was frecpient if not 
common. 

As to the Virginia Algon(piians, they sliow the highest cranial in- 
dexes of all the groups here considered, and had doubtless considera- 
ble foreign blood, derived from the west or the south. It would be 
interesting to compare tlie ^'irginia Indians with the Siouan tribes, to 
which they seem to bear close affinity. 



116 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [bull. 62 

Height of Skull 

Next to the cranial index, the most important feature of the 
vault of the skuU is its height, and the Eastern crania, as already 
stated, are characterized by good to pronounced development in this 
direction. The averages of the measurements, and those of the ordi- 
nary height-length and height-breadth indexes, will be found in the 
final tables, but none of these are very satisfactory for showing the 
true value of this dimension, which on the one hand is proportionate 
to the size of the skull, and on the other stands in a more or less com- 
pensatory relation with both the length and breadth of the vault. 
It has long been felt by the writer that some expression of the real 
relative value of the height measurement was required, and this need 
led him ultimately to compare it not with the very variable length or 
breadth of the skull, but with the mean of these two measurements. 
The resultant index, which may be called simply the height index 
of the vault, gives us a new means of comparison and classification 
of the skull and promises to prove much more satisfactory than the 
two older indexes. In the Eastern crania here described, it ranges 
from 83 to ahnost 90, and the arrangement of the various tribes on 
its basis is harmonious and of considerable interest. The main points 
brought out by the index are as follow : 

In the northernmost tribes the height of the skull is on the whole 
relatively lower than in those farther south. The Munsee and other 
Lenape crania agree with those of the more northerly groups, but 
differ somewhat from each other, the skulls in the Heye collection 
being in both sexes perceptibly lower than those of the other Lenape. 
The Staten Island, Manhattan Island, and Long Island skidls are 
again grouped, so far as the more important male skulls are con- 
cerned, antl are all high. Of the Virginia collections, the first series, 
from various eastern locaHties, shows a medium height or slightly 
above; but the Valentine collection, from a more westerly part of 
the state, ^ gives in both sexes the highest index of all the groups, 
showing the greatest relative height and indicating that this group 
had been subjected to influences which did not affect equally the 
Indian population of other parts of the state. 

• For details concerning this collection, see Report of the Exploration of the Hayes Creek Mound, 
Rockbridge County, Virginia, Puhl. Valentine Museum, Richmond (ca. 1S92). 



HROLicKA] PHYSICAL AXTHROPOLOGV OF THE LENAPE 

XCIII. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: HEIGHT INDEX* 



ir 



Maine 

New Jersey (Heye collection) . . 

New York 

Southeastern Canada 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island , 

New Jersey (earlier) 

Virginia (miscellaneous) 

Connecticut 

Staten Island 

Manhattan Island 

Long Island 

Virginia (Valentine collection). 



Number of 
specimens 



(6) 

(■») 

(19) 

(14) 

(14) 

(6) 

(6) 

(12) 

(4) 

W 

(2) 

(V) 

(15) 



ES 


1 1 \i \ 


- 

Index 

.s;3 


Number of 
specimens 

(<i) 


83.9 


(5) 


S4.4 


(ir.) 


S4.4 


(•^) 


84.6 


(25) 


85.3 


(■=;) 


86.1 


(21) 


86.5 


(T) 


86.5 


(4) 


87.5 


(3) 


87.5 


(1) 


88.1 


(S) 


89.8 


(21) 



83.5 

as. 2 

83.6 

85.7 
80.1 
SI). 4 
.S5. 1 
85.25 
85.4 
84.2 
(8.S.4) 
84 
8fi. 7 



(2) 

Size of Skull 

The size of tlic^ skull of tlio Eastern Indian, as expressed hy (lie 
cranial module, sliows again a grouping of niiieli inleresl. (liougli 
here more than in other series, owing to the small niimher of s|)e('i- 
mens, the position of some of the trihes can not l)e regarded as 
definitely fixed. The Munsee, as w(>ll as other Lenape skulls, stand 
with those of Rhode Island at the lower end of the scale, showing 
tlie smallest heads, although the Indians of these localities were not 
tribes of smaller stature than most of the other Eastern Indians. 
The more northerly Algonquians (with the exception of (hose of 
Rhode Island) and the Iroquois, occupy a median position. In the 
Virginia tribes the size of the skull ranges from medium to slightly 
above in the more easterly, but slightly below medium in the moiv^ 
westerly tribes. The crania from Manhattan, Long Island, and 
Staten Island are again grouped and occupy the highest position in 
the series, showing the largest heads; but they were also among th(> 
tallest, if not the tallest, of the Eastern Indians. 



118 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 
XCIV. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: CRANIAL MODULE 



[boll, 62 



Males 



Nupiber of 
specimens 



Cranial 
module 



Females 



Number of 
specimens 



Cranial 
module 



Rhode Island 

New Jersey (earlier) 

New Jersey (Heye collection). 
Virginia (Valentine collection) 

Southeastern Canada 

Maine 

Connecticut 

Massachusetts 

Virginia (miscellaneous) 

New York State 

Manhattan Island 

Long Island 

Staten Island 



(6) 

C-t) 

(-) 

(11) 

(14) 

(6) 

(2) 

(12) 

(6) 

(17) 

(2) 

(5) 

W 



cm. 
15.22 
15. 33 
15. 44 
15.46 
15. 48 
15. 55 
15. 55 
15.56 
15.58 
15.62 
15.67 
15.71 
16.04 



W 

(14) 
(9) 

(13) 
(5) 
(5) 
(3) 

(22) 
(2) 

(U) 
(1) 
(5) 
(3) 



cm. 
14. 84 
14.64 
14.75 
15.0 
14.77 
14.92 
14.84 
14.72 
14.74 
14.71 
14.93 
14.91 
14.73 



XCV. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: VAULT* 

MALES 



Group 


Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 


Length 


Breadth 


Height 


Cra- 
nial 
mod- 
ule 


Cra- 
nial 
index 


Height- 
lent; th 
index 


Height- 

lireadth 

index 


Cra- 
nial 
capac- 
ity 


Thick- 
ness 
left 
pari- 
etal 


Southeastern Can- 
ada 


(14) 
(6) 

(14) 
(6) 
W 

(19) 
(2) 
(") 
(^) 
(fi) 

(7) 
(1) 
(-t) 

(12) 
(1.^) 


cm. 
18. 84 
19.1 
18.93 
18.43 

18. 65 
19 

19. 05 
19.1 
19. 5 
18. 5 

19. 05 
(19) 
19.2 

18.6 

18.2 


cm. 

13.82 

13.9 

13.78 

13. 58 

13.5 

13.97 

13. 65 

13.5 

14 

1.3.8 

14.1 
(14) 
14. 15 

14 

13. 75 


cm. 

13.78 

13.7 

13.94 

1.3.65 

13.9 

13.92 

14.3 

14. 3f) 

14. 66 

1.3.9 

1.3.9 


cm. 
15. 48 

1.5. 55 

1.5. 56 
15. 22 
15. 55 
15. 62 
15. 67 

15. 71 

16. 04 
1.5. 33 

15. 44 


7.3.4 
72.7 
72.8 
73.7 
72.4 
73.5 
71.7 
70.7 
71.7 
74.6 

73.9 
(-3. 7) 
73.6 


73.1 
71.9 
73.5 
74.1 
73.5 
73.6 
75.1 
74.9 
t.5.2 
75. 8 

73.1 


99.7 
98.8 
101 
100.5 
100.4 
99.5 
104.8 
105. 7 
104.9 
101. 2 

98.9 


c. c. 


mvi. 


Maine 






Massachusetts 






Rhode Island 






Connecticut 






New York State 






Manhattan Island. . 






Long Island 

Staten Island 










New Jersey (earlier) 

New Jersey (Heye 

collection) 






1.544 


5 


Maryland 


(13.6) 
14.1 
14.35 


(1.5. .57) 
15..5,S 
1.5. 46 


(71.6) 
76.2 
79 


(96.5) 
99.3 






Virginia (miscella- 




Virginia (Valentino 
collection) 


103.2 











♦Measurements in parentheses are derived from a single specimen. 



HRDLifKA] PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LRNAPE 



119 



XCV. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: V.VULT-Continued 

FEMALES 



Group 


Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 


Length 


Breadth 


Height 


Cra- 
nial 
mod- 
ule 


Cra- 
nial 
index 


Height- 
length 
index 


l)readth 
index 


('r;i- 
nial 
capac- 
ity 


Thick- 
ness 
left 
pari- 
etal 


Southeastern Can- 
ada 


(5) 
(6) 
(1) 
(25) 
(5) 

(1.5) 
(1) 
(5) 
(3) 

(21) 

(9) 
(4) 

{') 
(21) 


cm. 
17. 55 
18.1 

(17.8) 
17.7 
17.8 
17.85 
17.8 

(18.1) 
18.1 
17.7 
17.6 

17.6 
18.1 

17.7 

17.75 


cm. 
13.5 
13.5 

(12.6) 
13.2 
13. 45 
13.3 
13.3 

(13) 
13.45 
13.4 
1.3.2 

13.4 
13.4 

13. 5 

13.6 


cm. 
13.3 
13.2 


cm. 

14.77 

14.92 


76.9 
74.7 

(70. 8) 
74.7 
7.5.6 
74.6 
74.8 

(71. 8) 
74.3 
75.4 
7.5.1 

75.8 
74 

76 

76.4 


75.7 
73.4 


98.3 
97.8 


c. c. 


mm. 






Maine 






New Hampshire. . . 






Massachusetts 


13.3 
13.5 
13.3 
13 

(13. 7) 
13. 25 
13. 1 
13.1 

12.9 

1.3.3 
1.3.6 


14.72 
14.84 
14.84 
14.71 
(14.93) 
14.91 
14.73 
14.64 

14.75 

(14.87) 

14.74 
15 


75. 5 
76.6 
74.9 
72.5 
(75.7) 
73.2 
73.9 
74.9 

73.1 
(70.1) 

75 

76.9 


100.9 






Rhode Island 


100.2 
98.8 
96.6 
(105. 4) 
98.0 
98 
97 

96.4 
(97) 

UK). 7 

90 






Connecticut 






New York State 






Manhattan Island. . 






Long Island 






Staten Island 






New Jersey (earlier) 
New Jersey (Heye 

collection) 

Maryland 


1326 
128.5 


4.3 


Virginia (miscella- 
neous) 






Virginia (\'alentine 
collection) 













Facial Measurements 



HEIGHT OF THE FACE 



The height of the face stands largely, though not absolutely, in 
correlation with the length of the head, a f(niture Avhich becomes 
apparent also in our series. The collections from more westerly Vir- 
ginia and the Lenape groups, all of which show rather short (Tania, 
give also the shortest faces. Maine and Massachusetts follow, ^v^th 
Rhode Island and New York. The Indians of Staten Island, Long 
Island, and Manhattan Island, so far as the males are concerned, all 
find a place in the upper half of the series, with long faces, and the 
same is true of the few more easterly Virginia specimens in which the 
face could be measured, and of the males of southeastern Canada. 
The latter, with those of Manhattan Island, occupy the up|>er limit 
of the scale. The females throughout show more uniformity than 
the males in their measurements. 



HKKADTH OF THE FACE 



The breadth of the face, as measured by the diameter l)izygomatic 
ma.ximum, stands in a measure in correlation with tlie breadth of tlie 
head, but as it depends very largely on tlie degree of development of 
the temporal muscles and as a pronounced development of these 
muscles, while broadening the zygomatic arches, tends at the same 



120 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



time to restrict the development of the skull in breadth, there are 
many irregularities in this correlation. In our series, Rhode Island, 
Maine, Massachusetts, and Connecticut occupy the lowest positions 
in the scale, showing faces that for Indians are decidedly narrow. 
Among the Lenape the faces are about medium, and the same is true 
of the more westerly Virginians. On Manhattan Island and Staten 
Island the f.ace was well above the medium in breadth, but not so on 
Long Island, although the somewhat exceptional position of the Long 
Island Indians in this respect may be accidental. The Indians of 
southeastern Canada and New York State, as well as some of the 
Virginia Indians, had faces decidedly broader than the averages of 
those of the northeastern states bordering on the Atlantic. 

Comparing the average facial breadth with facial height, it is seen 
that in most of the tribes noted the two measurements occupy a 
similar position in the scale, the narrow faces being also short, and 
vice versa; but there are several exceptions. 



XCVI. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: FACE 



Prosthion-nasion height 



Group 



New Jersey (Heye col- 
lection) 

New Jersey (earlier) . . 

Virginia (Valentine 
collection) 

Maine 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York State 

Staten Island 

Virginia (miscellane- 
ous) 

Long Island 

Southeastern Canada. 

Manhattan Island 



Males 



Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 



(7) 



(-1) 
(3) 
(8) 
(3) 



(10) 
(3) 

(2) 
(■I) 
(7) 
(2) 



P.-N 



7.3 
7.4 

7.4 
7.4. 



7.4 
7. 45 



7.5 
7.8 
7.95 



Females 



Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 



(5) 
(11) 

(5) 

(4) 

(15) 

W 

(2) 

(11) 

(2) 



(4) 



P.-N. 



6.9 
6.8 

6.9 

6.8 

7 

7.1 

6.85 

6.9 

6.5 



7 
6.75 



Diameter bizygomatic maximum 



Group 



Rliode Island 

Maine 

Massachusetts 

Connecticut 

Long Island 

Virginian (Valentine 
collection) 

New Jersey (earlier). . 

New Jersey (Heye col- 
lection) 

New York State 

Eastern Canada 

Manhattan Island 

Staten Island 

Virguiia (miscellane- 
ous) 



Males 



Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 



(0) 
(2) 
(') 
(2) 
W 

W 



(7) 
(13) 
(9) 
(1) 
(3) 

(2) 



D. 
biz. 
max. 



cm. 
13.35 
13.45 
13.7 
13.8 
13. 85 



13.9 

14.05 

14.1 

14.3 

14.7 

14.7 



Females 



Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 



(3) 
W 
(S) 
(2) 
(-1) 

(0) 
(9) 

(«) 
(9) 
(•^) 



(2) 



D. 
biz. 
max. 



cm. 

13 

12.95 

12.7 

12.3 

12. 95 

13.1 
12.7 

12. S 
13.1 
12.6 



Orbits 

While describing, in 1902, the skulls of the more easterly Lenape, 
the writer was impressed by the occasional appearance of very low 
orbits, and considered at the time the possibility of this feature 
being characteristic of the tribe. The present examuiation shows, 



hbdli^kaJ 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOOY OF THE LENAPE 



121 



however, that remarkably low orbits were frequent amouo; sojuo 
of the tribes of the eastern Algonquians, and that tlie Munsee and 
Lenape skulls occupy, with respect to the average or})it{il index, 
only a median position. The lowest orbits in the mean were found 
among the males of Long Island and of the Nortli Atlantic states. 
Maine and Massachusetts again stand exc(MHliiigly close together, 
with fairly low indexes, while Maidiattan Island and Stat en Island 
are about medium. The females of Staten Island show in this, 
as in other respects, a lack of harmony with the males, with lowiu- 
index. The highest orbits are found in the skidls from south- 
eastern Canada and Rhode Island, and in both of the series from 
Virginia. On the whole, the extensive variation of tlie absolute and 
relative dimensions of the orbits among the eastern Algonquians 
(and Iroquois) is very remarkable. Its chief cause in the males is 
the unequal development of the supraorbital ridges; in tlie females, 
excepting in two or three groups, the proportions and indexes are 
more nearly alike. 

XCVII. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: FACE 



Group 



Long Island 

Connecticut 

Maine 

Ma.ssachusetts 

New York State 

Manhattan Island 

New Jersey (earlier).. 

New Jersey (Heye col- 
lection) 

Staten Island 

Southeastern Canada. 

X'irginia (Valentine 
collection) 

Virginia (miscellane- 
ous) 

Rhode Island 



Orliital index 



Males 



Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 



(5) 
(2) 
W 
(10) 
(l(i) 
(2) 



(7) 

(3) 

(10) 

(10) 
(6) 



O.I. 



82.6 
84.6 
80.2 
86.3 

86.8 
87.4 



Females 



Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 



O.I. 



87.5 
87.6 

87.8 



88.9 
90 



(.->) 


87.4 


(3) 


92.1 


(-1) 


86.2 


(2) 


88.8 


(13) 


88.6 


(1) 


87.8 


(13) 


87.2 


(7) 


91.7 


(3) 


83 


(5) 


89. .5 


(G) 


m 


C2) 


8.-).0 


(5) 


89 



Group 



Manhattan Island 

Maine 

Long Island 

Coiuiecticut 

Southeastern Canada. 

Massachusetts 

Virginia (miscellane- 
ous) 

New Jersey (earlier) . . 

New Jersey (Heye 
collection) 

New York State 

Rhode Island 

Staten Island 

Virginia (Valentine 
collection) 



Nasal index 



Males 



Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 



(2) 
(■1) 
(•^') 
(2) 
(S) 
(10) 

(3) 



(IS) 
(6) 
(3) 

(8) 



N.L 



44.9 

4.^ 6 

46.7 

49 

49.1 

49.7 



r,i. 1 

51.8 
52. 5 
5.!. 1 



Females 



Num- 
ber of 
.speci- 
mens 



N.I. 



(1) 
(■^) 
(2) 
(-<) 
(20) 

(1) 
(13) 

(9) 
(13) 
(•■■') 

(3) 



.50 
49 

.54. 7 
.53. 4 
19.5 

52 
51.5 

52. 9 
53.2 
52.1 
.54.4 



Nasal Index 

Among the Eastern Indians, the nose, as already mciitionctl, is 
in general relatively small, and the aperture i)res(!nts often fairly 
sharp bonlers, an exceptional feature among Indians of most other 
parts of the continent. The nasal aperture, or moiv prop<Mly llie 



122 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. r,2 



relation of the breadth to the height of the nose, expressed by the 
nasal index, differs considerably in the different tribes. The index 
is low in the northeastern states, on Manhattan Island and Long Island, 
and in southeastern Canada; medium among the Munsee and other 
Lenape, among the more easterly Virginia tribes and in New York 
State; and elevated on Staten Island and in the more westerly Vir- 
ginians. It was also elevated in both sexes in Rhode Island, which 
is of interest in that the specimens from that state show a somewhat 
exceptional position in other respects. On Staten Island, the crania 
of which stand in regard to nasal index apart from those of Man- 
hattan Island and Long Island, with which they are otherwise so 
closely related, the character may have been influenced by admix- 
ture through the accession of females. 

Palate 

The relative proportions of the dental arch, as expressed by the 
" palatine " index, show shortest palates in the northeastern states and 
longest among the Lenape; but the differences are not very marked. 

XCIII. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: FACE 





Palatine index 


Group 


Angle of facial prognathism 


Group 


Males 


Females 


Males 


Females 


Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 


V. I. 


Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 


P.I. 


Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 


An- 
gle, 
de- 
grees 


Num- 
ber of 
speci- 
mens 


An- 
gle, 
de- 
grees 


Massachusetts 


(2) 
(3) 

(3) 
(2) 


113.2 
113.2 
113.8 

114.1 
lltt 


(«) 


11.5.4 


Connecticut 






(2) 
(2) 
(10) 
(3) 
(3) 
(3) 

(5) 
(3) 

(5) 
(1) 


68 






(3) 
(") 
(^^) 


69 
71 

72 


73 


Maine 


(-1) 

(■'"•) 


113.8 
116.4 


New York state 

Southeastern Canada. . 


72 5 


Virginia (Valentine 


72 

72 


New York State 




(6) 


73 

73 
74 


71 


Rhode Island 


(3) 


116.1 


New Jersey (Heye col- 
lection) > 

Long Island 






(2) 


116.5 
117.3 

120.7 


74 


Southeastern Canada. . 


(3) 

(5) 
(2) 


115. 8 

120.5 
121.2 


71 


New Jersey (Ileye col- 


Virginia (Valentine 


74 






(3) 


76 















Prognathism 

Facial prognathism did not differ very greatly in the different 
groups, yet there is a p('rcepti])le tendency toward a greater orthog- 
nathy among Indians of tlie northeastern states and Canada, and 
to somewhat greater protrusion among those of Long Island and 
Staten Island, the Munsee, and the Virginians of the Valentine 
collection. Alveolar prognathism (see table for details) was most 



HRDLir'KA] 



PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE LENAPE 



123 



proiioimced on Manhattan Island, Long Island, and Staton Island; 
east among the New York Indians and among thoso of soulli- 
eastern Canada, ^faine, and Massachusetts. 

It is evident from the data presented above, that the eastern 
Algonquian (and Iroquois) Indians, while essentially of one type, 
approached purity of type nmch more in the northeastern Atlantic 
states and in southeastern Canada than farther south. It is further 
plain that the stock presented junnerous and occasionally marked 
localized or tribal as well as individual variations, and that in several 
of the states, and possibly even in Rhode Island, it was modified 
more or less by admixture with individuals of both sexes from across 
the Appalachians or the south. A locally differentiated group 
wliich in many respects already stood more or less a])art from the 
neighboring tribes and was also characterized especially by more 
than average development, is the cluster of tribes of Maidiattan 
Island, Long Island, and Staten Island. The Munsee and other 
Lenape stand in close relation in many important respects, though 
they exhibit also some differences; and both of them, as already 
shown, agree with the rest of the eastern Algonquians, more especially 
with their immediate neighbors to the north and south. 

The tables of detail measurements of the Eastern Indian ci-ania 
foUow. 

XCIX. EASTERN INDLVN CRANIA: FACE (DETAILS) 
MALES 



Group 



Soutlioiistern Canada 

Maine 

Massachusetts 

lihode Island 

Connecticut 

New York State 

Manhattan Island 

I^ong Island 

Staten Island 

New Jersey (Heye collection) 

Maryland 

Virginia (niiscellaneous) 

Virginia (Valentine collec- 
tion) 



Number 
of speci- 
mens 



(") 
(3) 
(S) 
(3) 
(2) 
(10) 
(2) 
W 
(3) 
(7) 



(2) 



w 



Upper 
height 



Facial 
breadth 



cm. 
11.1 
13. 4") 
13.7 
13. 3.") 
13.8 
14.05 

(l-i.3) 
13.8.1 
14.7 
13.9 



13. Ki 



Facial 
index, 
upper 



51. 
(54. 
54 
50. 
51. 



Number 

of speci- 

men.s 



(10) 

(1) 

(10) 
(ti) 
(2) 

(16) 
(2) 
(0) 
(3) 
(") 
(1) 
(7) 

(10) 



Height Breadth Index 



cm. 
3.47 
3. 3H 
3.43 
3. 5 
3. 2.^1 
.3.4 
3.47 
3. 3 
3. 4S 
3.4 

(3.48) 
3. .'>.■> 



cm. 

3. ;m 

3.9 
3.90 
3.9 
3.S 
3.9 
3.97 
4 
4 

3.9 
(3.9H) 
4 



87.8 

80.2 

80.3 

90 

84.6 

86. S 
87.4 
82.6 
87.6 

87. 5 
(87.4) 

KS.9 



124 



BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[BULL. 62 



XCIX. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: FACE (DETAILS)— Continued 

FEMALES 



Group 



Southeastern Canada 

Maine 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York State 

Manhattan Island 

Long Island 

Staten Island 

New Jersey (earlier) 

New Jersey (Heye collec- 
tion) 

Virginia (miscellaneous) 

Virginia (Valentine collec- 
tion) •. 



Number 
of speci- 
mens 



Upper 
height 



(5) 
(■1) 

(15) 
(4) 
(2) 

(11) 



(4) 

(2) 

(11) 

(5) 



cm. 
6.75 

6.8 

7 

7.1 

6.85 

6.9 



(5) 



7 

6.5 

6.8 



6.9 



Facial 
breadth 



cm. 
12.6 
12.95 
12.7 
13 

12.3 
13.1 



12.95 
12.65 
12.7 



Facial 
index, 
upper 



52.9 
52.7 
56.2 
55.2 
55.7 
52.9 



53.1 

(51.6) 
53 



Number 
of speci- 
mens 




Orbits 


Height 


Breadth 




Cm. 


cm. 


(5) 


3.38 


3.78 


(4) 


3.28 


3.81 


(21) 


3.36 


3.79 


(5) 


3.45 


3.87 


(3) 


3.32 


3.6 


(13) 


3.35 


3.8 


(1) 


(3. 25) 


(3.7) 


(5) 


3.26 


3.73 


(3) 


3.19 


3.84 


(13) 


3.38 


3.87 


(7) 


3.4 


3.72 


(2) 


3.2 


3.8 


(fi) 


3.31 


3.72 



89.5 
86.2 

88.8 
89 

92.1 
88.6 

(87. 8) 
87.4 
83 
87.2 

91.7 

85.6 



C. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: FACE (DETAILS) 

MALES 





Number 
of speci- 
mens 


Nose 


Index 


Number 
of speci- 
mens 


Palate 


Group 


Height 


Breadth 


Height 


Breadth 


Index 


Southeastern Canada 

Maine 


(4) 
(10) 
(ft) 
(2) 
(15) 
(2) 
(5) 
(3) 
(V) 
(1) 
(3) 

(9) 


cm. 
5.46 
5.1 
5.2 
5 
5 

5.3 
5.9 
5.3 
5.1 
5.1 
(5.4) 
5.4 

5. 23 


cm. 
2.7 
2.3 


49.1 
45. 6 


(4) 
(3) 
(5) 
(1) 


cm. 

5. 8 
5.8 
5. 75 
CO 


cvi. 
6.8' 
6. (1 
6. 5 

(7.3) 


117.3 

113. S 


Massachusetts 


2.6 49.7 


113.2 


Rhode Island 


2. 65 
2.45 
2.75 
2. ()5 


,52.5 
49 
51. 8 
44.9 


(121.7) 






New York State 


(2) 
(2) 


5. 95 
6.05 


6. 9 

6. 85 


116 


Manhattan Island 


113. 2 




2.47 46.7 
2. 7 1 53. 1 




Stateh Island . . . 


(2) 


5. 75 
5.6 


6.7 
6.8 


116.5 


New Jersey (ITeye collection) . 


2.<i 

(2.7) 
2.7 

2.74 


51. 1 

(50) 
50. 6 

53. 5 


120.7 


Virginia (miscellaneous) 

Virginia (Valentine collec- 
tion) . 










(3) 


5.9 


6.7 


114.1 







HKDLirKAj PHYSICAL ANTTIKOPOLOGY OF THE LKNAPE 

C. EASTERN INDI.VN CU.VNI.V: FACE (DETAILS)-Continuod 

FEMALES 



125 





Nose 


I'alate 




(.roups 


Number 

of 
specimens 


Height 


Breadth 


Index 


Number 

of ; Height 
specimens 


Breadth 


Inde.x 


Southeastern ( 'anada 


(5) 
(1) 

(21) 
(5) 
(2) 

(13) 
(5) 
(3) 

(13) 
(9) 
(1) 


cm. 
5 

■1.9 
4.97 
5.14 
4.75 
5 

4.9 
4.75 
4. 87 
4. 98 

5 


em. 
2.67 
2. 45 
2.46 
2. 6S 
2. 6 
2.67 
2.3 
2. 5X 
2.5 
2.63 
(2.6) 
2.72 


.>;. 4 

49. 5 
.52.1 
54. 7 
53. 2 
49 

.54.4 
51.5 
52.9 
(.52) 
54.3 


(3) 
(4) 
(8) 
(•i) 


cm. 
5.3 
5.6 
5.5 
5. 6 


cm. 
6.1 
6.4 
6.4 
6.5 


llo.S 

U.5.8 

. 11.5.4 

116.1 


Maine 




Rhode Island 


Connecticut 


New York State 


(1) (5.5) 


(7) 


(127.3) 


Long Island 


Staten Island 








New Jersey (earlier) 


(2) 
(5) 


5.2 
5.25 


6.3 
6.35 


joi 2 


New Jersey ( Heyc collect ion) . 
Virginia (miscellaneous) 


120.5 


Virginia (\'alentinecollcction) 


(6) 


(5) 


5.5 


6. 4 


116.4 



CI. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: FACE (DETAILS) 

MALES 



(Jroup 



Southeastern Canada.. 

Manic 

Miissachusctts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York State 

Manhattan Island 

Long Island 

Staten Island 

New Jersey (Ileyc col- 
lection) 

Maryland 

Virginia (miscellane- 
ous) 

Virginia (Valentine col- 
lection) 



Number 
of speci- 
mens 



(H) 
(6) 

(12) 
(6) 
(4) 

(16) 
(2) 
(1) 
(2) 

(S) 
(2) 

(12) 

(14) 



Diameter 
frontal 
min- 
imum 



cm. 
9.7 
9.35 
9.5 
9.6 
9.1 
9.5 
9.5 
(9.3) 
9.2 

9.4 
9.9 

9.5 

9.7 



Number 
of speci- 
mens 



Basion- 
pros- 
thion 



cm. 
10.6 
(10.4) 
10.4 
10.5 



10. 5 
(11) 
lit. 3 
10. 7 

9.9 



Basion 

subnasal 

point 



cm. 
9.3 
(9.1) 
9.2 
9.1 



9.4 

(10.2) 
9.5 
9..S 



(10.2) 9.6 

(10.2) 9.2 



Basion 
nasion 



cm. 

in. 7 
111.8 
10. 7 
10.3 
10.3 
10.6 
11.2 
10. s 
11.2 

10. 3 

(10.8) 



10.6 
10.6 



Angle of 
facial 
prog- 
nathism 



(75) 
73 
69 



.\ngl(> of 
alveolar 

jirdt;- 
nathism 



71 

(72. ,5) 
74 



(74) 
(71) 



53 
(551 
5^ 
5s. o 



54 

(64) 
64 
62 



(54) 



126 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



CI. EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA: FACE (DETAILS)— Continued 

FEMALE.S 



Group 



Number 
of 
speci- 
mens 



Southeastern Canada 

Maine 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York State 

Long Island 

Staten Island 

New Jersey (earlier) 

New Jersey (Heye collec- 
tion) 

Maryland 

Virginia (miscellaneous)... 

Virginia (Valentine collec- 
tion) 



W 
(0) 

(23) 
(4) 
(3) 

(13) 

(ry) 

(3) 
(7) 

(9) 
(3) 
(«) 

(IS) 



Diameter 
frontal 
min- 
imum 



cm. 
9.2 
9.3 
9 

9.4 
8.9 
8.95 
9 

9.2 
9.2 

9 

9.1 

9.1 



Number 
of 
speci- 
mens 



(3) 
(3) 

(10) 
(2) 
(2) 

(11) 
(3) 
(1) 
(-1) 

(5) 



(5) 



Basion 
pros- 
thion 



cm. 

9.6 

9.9 
II). 1 
10.1 
10. 2 

9.9 
10 
(9.2) 

9.8 



Basion 
sub- 
nasal 
point 



cm. 

8.9 
9.1 
9 

8.7 
(S..5) 

9 

(9) 
{X. 8) 



.6 



(9.4) 

8.9 



Basion 
nasion 



cm. 

9.9 
10.2 
10 
10.2 

9.8 
10.1 
10 

9.9 

9.9 

10 
(10. 1) 
(10.3) 

10. 25 



Angle of 
facial 

progna- 
thism 



72 
72 
71 
73 
68 
72. t 
71 
(75) 
70 



Angle of 
alveolar 
progna- 
thism 



56 

57 

56.5 

50 
(51) 

57.5 
(59) 



54 



APPENDIX 

One of the most important conclusions reached in connection ^vith 
the studies dealt with in these pages is that of the physical identity 
of the Iroquois with the eastern Mgonquian tril)es. To test this con- 
clusion the writer subsequently examined the valua})le collection of 
Iroquois skeletal material in possession of the Buffalo Society of 
Natural Sciences/ consisting of 34 male and 22 female adult skidls, 
well identified and in good condition. The results of this additional 
study are given in the following tables and need little comment 
except that the conclusions presented in the body of this report as to 
the ph3'sical identity of the Iroquois and east(u-n iUgonquian peoples 
are fully verified. In every respect the measurements and indexes of 
tlie new series fit closely among those of the other Eastern tribes, and 
in not a single feature do they drop out of line or even equal tlie 
extremes of variation in the skeletal remains of the ti-ilx^s previously 
studied. In view of these facts the essential identity of the physical 
characters of the Iroquois and Algonquians, as determined by their 
skeletal remams, may, it seems, be regarded as definitely established. 

IJIOQUOLS AXl) MUST NEARLY RELATED EASTERN INDIAN CRANIA 



Male 

(\)nnecti<'ut (4) 

Maine (6) 

>rassachusetts (14) 

Iroquois (-34) 

Southeastern Canada (14) 73. 4 

New York State (19) 73. 5 

Marj-land (4) 73.6 

Rhode Island (6) 73.7 

Delaware (1) 73.7 

New Jersey (Mnnsee) (4) 73. 9 



CRANIAL INDKX 








Female 


72.4 


Connecticut 


(4) 


72.7 


Maine 


(«) 


72.8 


Massachusetts 


(25) 


7.tl 


Iroquois 


m 



Southeastern Canada 
New York State (15). 

Maryland (1). 

Long Island (5). 

Delaware 



74.6 

74.7 
74.7 
74.0 



■4.8 
■4.0 
4. 3 



Lenape 



(19). 



75.1 



HKIGHT-LEN'GTH INDEX 



Male 



Southeastern Canada (14) 73.1 Southeastern Canada (5) 75.7 



Massachusetts 


(12) 


Connecticut 


(2) 


New York State 


(17) 


Iroquois 


m 


Rhode Island 


(6) 


New Jersey 


(7) 


Long Island 


(5) 


Staten Island 


(4) 



73. 


1 


73. 


5 


73. 


5 


73. 


6 


74. 





74. 


1 


74. 


2 


74. 


9 


75. 


2 



Female 



Massachusetts 
Connecticut 
New York State 
Iroquois 
Rhode Island 
New Jersey 
Long Island 
Staten Island 



(24). 

(3). 

(14). 

in). 

(20). 

(51 
(3j. 



75. 5 
74.9 
72.5 
74.4 



74.4 
73. 2 
73.9 



1 Grateful acknowledgment for courtesies in this connection are e.xtended to Mr. Henry R. Howland, 
superintendent of the museum of this Society. 



127 



128 



BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY 



[bull. 62 



HEIGHT-BREADTH INDEX 



Male 



Female 



Southeastern Canada 


(14).. 


. . . 99. 7 


Southeastern Canada 


(5).... 


. . 98. 3 


Connecticut 


(2).. 


... 100.4 


Connecticut 


(3).... 


. . 98. 8 


Rhode Lsland 


(0).. 


... 100.5 


Rhode Island 


(4).... 


.. 100.2 


Iroquois 


(.y„>).. 


... 101.0 


Iroquois 


(£1).... 


. . 100. 5 


Massachusetts 


(12).. 


... 101.0 


Massachusetts 


(22)... 


.. 100.9 


New Jersey (earlier) 


(3) .. 


... 101.2 


New Jersey (earlier) 


(14).... 


. . 97. 


Virginia (all) 


(17).. 


... 101.8 

HEIGHT 


Virginia (all) 

INDEX 


(15).... 


. . 99. 2 






(Hrdlidka) 










(H+B).^2 
L 






Ilale 






Female 






Maine 


(6).. 


. . . 72. 3 


Maine 


(5).... 


. . 74. 1 


Long Island 


(5).. 


. . . 72. 8 


Long Island 


(5).... 


. . 74. 1 


Connecticut 


(2).. 


. . . 73. 


Connecticut 


(3).... 


. . 74. 7 


Massachusetts 


(12).. 


. . . 73. 2 


Massachusetts 


(22).... 


. . 75. 1 


Southeastern Canada 


(14).. 


. . 73. 3 


Southeastern Canada 


(5).... 


. . 76. 3 


Manhattan Island 


(2).. 


... 73.4 


Manhattan Island 


(1)-... 


. . 73. 7 


Staten Island 


(4).. 


. . . 73. 5 


Staten Island 


(3).... 


. . 74. 6 


New York State 


(17).. 


. . . 73. 6 


New York State 


(14)... 


. . 73. 7 


Iroquois 


(32) . . 


. . . 73. 6 


Iroquois 


(21)... 


. . 74.2 


Delaware 


(1).. 
(6).. 


. . 73. 7 
. . . 73. 9 


Delaware 
Rhode Island 






Rhode Island 


(4).... 


. . 76. 1 


New Jersey (all) 


(17).. 


. . 74. 3 

CRANIAL 


New Jersey (all) 

MODULE 


(20)... 


. . 74. 8 


Male 






Female 






Rhode Island 


(6).. 


.. 15.22 


Rhode Island 


(4)... 


.. 14.84 


New Jersey (miscel.) 


(4).. 


.. 15.33 


New Jersey 


(14)... 


.. 14.64 


Iroquois 


(■«)-- 


.. 15.41 


Iroquois 


(21)... 


.. 14. SO 


New Jersey (Munsee) 


(7).. 


.. 15.44 


New Jersey 


(9)... 


. . 14. 75 


Virginia (Valentine coll.) (11). . 


.. 15.46 


Virginia (Valentine coll 


)(13)... 


.. 15.00 


Southeastern Canada 


(14).. 


.. 15.48 


Southeastern Canada 


(5)... 


.. 14.77 


Maine 


(6).. 


.. 15.55 


Maine 


(5)... 


.. 14.92 


Connecticut 


(2).. 


.. 15.55 


Connecticut 


(3).-. 


.. 14.84 


Massachusetts 


(12).. 


.. 15.56 


Massachusetts 


(22)... 


.. 14.72 



face: nasion-prosthion height 



Male 



Massachusetts 
Rhode Island 
New York State 
Staten Island 
Iroquois 

Virginia (miscel.) 
Long Island 
Southeastern Canada 



(8) 7.4 

(3) 7.4 

(10) 7.4 

(3) 7.45 

(:.'.>) 7.45 

(2) 7.5 

(4) 7.5 

(7) 7.8 



Female 



Massachusetts 
Rhode Island 
New York State 
Staten Island 
Iroquois 

Virginia (miscel.) 
Long Island 
Southeastern Canada 



(15) 7.0 

(4) 7.1 

(11) 6.9 

(2) 6.5 

(1^) ''-0 

(4) 7.0 

(5) 6.75 



HRDLlfKAj 



PHYSICAL AXTHKOl'OLOtJV OF TllK LF.XAPF. 



129 



Male 



Rhode Island 


(0) 


Maine 


(2) 


Massachusetts 


(7) 


Iroquois 


(24) 


Connecticut 


(2) 


Long Island 


(4) 



Virginia (Valentino coll.) {4). 



DlAMl-.TKH lUZYGOMATIC MAXIMLM 



13. ?,:} 

13. 45 

13.7 

1.3. 7.5 

13.8 

13.85 

13.85 



Female 



!lho.l." Island 


(3) 


Maine 


(4) 


Ma.-<-<achu.«oUs 


(^,' 


Iroquois 


{17) 


Connecticut 




Long Island 


(■4) 


Virginia ( Valcnt ine ( 


oil.) (d) 



13. 
1-'. 95 
12.7 

1-::. 9 



\i. '.to 
13. 1 



ORBITAL INDKX 



Male 



Maine 

Massachusetts 
New York State 
Iroquois 

Manhattan Island 
Staten Islan<l 



(4)... 
(10).., 
(16).. 
{27).. 

(2).. 

(3)... 



80. 2 
86.3 
86.8 
87. 
87.4 
87.6 



Southeastern Canada (10) 87. S 

Virginia (Valentine coll.) (10) 87. 9 



Female. 



Maine (4) 

Mas.sachusetts (21) 

New York State (13) 

Iroquois {17) 

Manhattan l.-^land (1) 

Staten Island (3) 

Southeastern Canada (5) 
Virginia (Valentine coll.) (6) 



NASAL INDEX 



Male 



Massachusetts 

Virginia (miscel.) 

New Jersey (Munsee) 

Iroquois 

New York State 

Rhode Island 

Staten Island 



(10). 

(3). 

(7). 
(26). 
(15 L 

(6). 

(3>. 



40. 


7 


50.6 


51. 


1 


.:/. 


7 


51. 


8 


52. 


5 


53. 


1 



Female 



Massachusetts (20). 

Virginia (miscel. ) (1). 
New Jersey (Munsee) (9). 

Iroquois (17). 

New York State (13) . 

Rhode Island (5) . 

Staten Island (3). 



DENTAL AKCH ('' PAL.\TAL ") INDKX 



Male 



Virginia (Valentine coll.) (3j 114. 1 

New York State (2 » 116. 

Iroquois {14^ 116. I 

Staten Island (2) 116.5 

Sotitheastern Canada (4 ) 117.3 



Female 

Virginia (Valentine coll.) (5). 

New York State 

Iroquois (l-^)'- 

Staten Island 

Soutbea.stern <'anada (3). 



86. 2 

SS.8 
S8.fi 
cS\s". .5 

87. S 
K\. 
S!t. 5 
Sit. 



4!"!. 5 
52.0 
52.9 
51.9 
53.2 
52. I 
51.4 



116.4 
ll.\8 



ANGLE OK FACIAL PROGN.\THISM 



MaU 



Rhode Island 


(3).... 


. . 69° 


Rhode Lsland 


(2^ 


New York State 


(7).... 


.. 71 


New York State 


(in 


Iroquois 


{17).... 


. . 72 


Iroquois 


{i:, 


Massachusetts 


(4).... 


.. 73 


Ma.ssachusettfi 


('■'■ 


Long Lsland 


(4).... 


.. 74 


Long l.sland 


(■' 



Female 



17135°— Bull. 62—16- 



130 BFEEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOUV rBui.i.. C2 

The preceding statements must not, of course, be regarded as 
implying any lessening of our interest in the Iroquois group. Tliis 
large and important body of Indians was a complex of tribes, some 
of wliich, as yet, are represented but poorly in our collections, so far 
as their skeletal rQmains are concerned. It is possible that more 
abundant material will exhibit some differences between these tribes, 
o^\'ing to their varied earlier associations and perhaps to other agen- 
cies. In any event, the Iroquois are well worthy of further study, 
even though there may not be strong probability that the chief con- 
clusion reached in this work, namely, their close physical relation with 
the Algonquians, can be seriously modified. 

Much also remains to be done with respect to the Algonquians. The 
Canadian tribes have scarcely been touched as yet; there are numer- 
ous gaps in the skeletal collections from our Eastern states; and data 
on skeletal parts other than the skuU in the principal tribes are very 
deficient. 

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jJV LiaCARV SINOINC 



ST. AUGUSTINE 
/^^^ FLA. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

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